Science and technology in Indonesia
Indonesia is to be considered as one of the leading countries in science and technology developments. There are numerous examples of notable scientific and technological innovation, developments and achievements contributed by Indonesians. Despite being a developing country, Indonesia is one of a handful nations that have developed their own aerospace technology.[1]
Since
Since 2018 Indonesian government increased their research and development allocation. In 2018, government allocated Rp33 trillion (approximately US$2,317,985,439 as on 6 September 2021). In 2019, government allocated Rp35 trillion (approximately US$2,458,469,405 as on 6 September 2021). In 2020, government allocated Rp36 trillion (approximately US$2,528,712,000 as on 6 September 2021) for research and development.[2] Despite has increasing trend over years, it is very small, roughly around 0.31% of Indonesia's gross domestic product.[3] Not only that, private sector contribution on Indonesia research is very low. In 2020, 83.88% research funding relied on government, followed by universities (2.65%), business companies (9.15%), and non-profit private groups (4.33%).[4]
History
Living in an agrarian and maritime culture, the people of the
The
The Austronesians also reached
The Konjo, Ara and Lemo-Lemo people from the island of
The Javanese and Malay people, like other Austronesian ethnicities, use a solid navigation system: Orientation at sea is carried out using a variety of different natural signs, and by using a very distinctive
In architecture, native Indonesians have developed their own vernacular architecture. Some examples of architecturally significant Indonesian buildings are Rumah Gadang of Minangkabau, Tongkonan of Toraja, and omo sebua of Nias. The Omo Sebua is noted for its sturdy yet flexible design which allows it to resist earthquake.
By the 8th century, the Javanese kingdom of
The scientific quest and systematic research in accordance to the modern
With growing interest in scientific research, the government of the Dutch East Indies established Natuurwetenschappelijke Raad voor Nederlandsch-Indië (Scientific Council of the Dutch East Indies) in 1928. It operates as the country's main research organization until the outbreak of Pacific War in 1942. In 1948 the institute was renamed Organisatie voor Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek (OPIPA, Organization for Scientific Research).
After the independence of Indonesia, the government continued to nurture the scientific development and pursuit, through government institutions. In 1956 the OPIPA was nationalized as Majelis Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (MIPI, Indonesian Sciences Council). Then in 1962 the government established the Departemen Urusan Riset Nasional (DURENAS, National Research Affairs Department), while MIPI are in charge of founding and operates various National Research Institutes. And in 1966 the government changed the status of DURENAS into Lembaga Riset Nasional (LEMRENAS) (National Research Institute). In August 1967 the government dissolved LEMRENAS and MIPI and established the current Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), which runs the scientific efforts and operations that was previously conducted by LEMRENAS and MIPI.[16]
One of four pillars of
On 2021, Indonesia experienced reform in science and technology field with formation of Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology and National Research and Innovation Agency as part of the government plan in consolidating science and research resources.[18][19][20]
Institutions
Among the main research and development institutions in the country, are:
- The Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology (Indonesian: Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia, or Kemendikbudristek), is a government ministry that has the task of conducting affairs in the field of research, science and technology, aside of education and cultural affairs.
- The National Research and Innovation Agency (Indonesian: Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional, or BRIN), the sole multidisciplinary sciences, research, and technology development superagency dedicated to science and research in the country. BRIN currently is the sole national research agency after liquidated many research agenciesinto its body.
- The Geospatial Information Agency (Indonesian: Badan Informasi Geospasial, or BIG), responsible for surveys and mapping.
- The National Standardization Body (Indonesian: Badan Standardisasi Nasional, or BSN), member of the International Organization for Standardization.
Indonesia has many universities. Among the most renowned are the University of Indonesia, the Bandung Institute of Technology and Gadjah Mada University, which offer science courses.[21] Indonesia ranked 61st on the 2023 Global Innovation Index report up from 87th in 2021.[22][23]
Main areas
Biotechnology
In October 1994, the State created the Biotechnology Consortium (IBC) whose aim is to develop and use the contributions of biotechnology for the benefit of the population, the country, and the conservation of the environment. Around 34 government institutions work in the biotechnology sector. In 2005, the country hosted the BINASIA-Indonesia National Workshop to promote investment in this sector.
Food processing technology
Indonesians have also made various advances in
Construction technology
There are some notable technological developments made by natives in modern Indonesia (post independence). In the 1980s, Tjokorda Raka Sukawati, an Indonesian engineer, invented a road construction technique called Sosrobahu. It became popular afterwards and has since been widely used by many countries. The Sosrobahu technique allows long stretches of flyovers to be constructed above existing main roads, therefore minimizes disruptions to the heavy traffic. It involves the construction of horizontal supports for the highway beside the existing road, which is then lifted and turned at a 90 degree angle before being placed on the top of the vertical supports. This forms the flyover pylons. The technology was exported to the Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore. In 1995, a patent was granted to Indonesia.[26]
The Cakar ayam construction, or literally means "chicken claw construction" is a technical engineering to create a more stable foundation by employing concrete plate supported by pipes planted deep into the ground acted as "claws", invented by Prof. Dr. Ir. Sedijatmo in 1961. The technique can be applied on structures, roads and runways. The technical principle consist of a concrete plate foundation is supported and secured to the ground by pipes as "claws", which allows a more stable construction, enable to build structure on soft wet ground such as on swamps. The technique allowed the structure to be more rigid, stable and more durable against uneven weight distribution or uneven land declining.[27]
The Konstruksi Sarang Laba-Laba (or Cobweb Construction in English) is a construction technique on the foundation of a building in the form of concrete with cobweb shaped iron beams inside it. This construction technique designed by an engineer Ir. Ryantori. The 4 stories building that used the construction technique was proven earthquake resistant during the earthquake in Aceh in 2004.
Aerospace and transportation
Indonesia has a long history in developing military and small commuter aircraft. In fact, it is the only country in Southeast Asia to produce and develop its own aircraft. Its state-owned aircraft company (founded in 1976),
Wiweko Soepono, a former Garuda Indonesia director, is also known as inventor of the modern two-man cockpit design (Forward Facing Crew Cockpit/FFCC), for Garuda Indonesia Airbus A300 aircraft.[30]
Furthermore, Indonesia has a well-established railway industry with its state-owned train manufacturing company, the Indonesian Railway Industry (Indonesian: PT. Industri Kereta Api), located in Madiun, East Java. Since 1982, the company has been producing passenger train wagons, freight wagons and other railway technologies which it has exported to many countries such as Malaysia and Bangladesh.[31]
Logistics technology
Indonesia has become a hub for disruptive technology in the logistics sector. Mobile app-based companies like GoTo and Deliveree have had a large impact on the way parcel, goods, and freight are transported around the country. Logisitcs technology adoption in the country has been substantial with GoTo reporting 100 million[32] monthly active users across its multiple service lines including transportation services for passengers, food, parcels, goods, and freight.
Information, communication and digital technology
Indonesia was one of few countries during the 1970s to own their own
In Internet technology, an Indonesian information technology scientist, Onno W. Purbo developed RT/RW-net, a community-based internet infrastructure which provides affordable Internet access to people in rural areas.[34]
In 2010s
Robotics
Indonesian students have a good record of winning many international competitions in science and technology. In 2009, the robotics team from Indonesian Computer University won the gold medal in the “open fire-fighting autonomous robot” category at the
Notable people
- B. J. Habibie, German-trained professor in aerospace engineering. Produced theories known as the Habibie Theorem, Habibie Factor, and Habibie Method. Later he became the third president of Indonesia.
- Bambang Hidayat, former vice-president of the International Astronomical Union.
- Onno W. Purbo, Internet and information technology expert. Well known for his design on RT/RW-net, a community-based Internet solution for poor people.
- Yohanes Surya, physics scientist and professor.
- Moedomo Soedigdomarto, one of the first Indonesians to obtain a Ph.D. in mathematics.
See also
- List of Indonesian inventions and discoveries
- Nuclear power in Indonesia
- Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Bibliography
- The Science and Technology System of the Republic of Indonesia, Archived 12 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine, UNESCO.
References
- ^ a b Marguerite Afra Sapiie. "N-219: Propelling Indonesia's aerospace industry". The Jakarta Post.
- ^ Fauzi; Budiman, Budisantoso (6 September 2021). "Anggota DPR menyoroti kewenangan Dewan Pengarah BRIN". Antara News. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
- ^ Dongche, Yenglis; Radjah, Jimmy (4 May 2021). "Anggaran Riset Indonesia Terendah di ASEAN". infoanggaran.com. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
- ^ Ulya, Fika Nurul; Jatmiko, Bambang P. (4 March 2020). "Ristekdikti: 80 Persen Dana Riset Masih Andalkan APBN". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 6 September 2021.
- ^ ISBN 978-602-9346-00-8.
- S2CID 21753825.
- ^ Dick-Read, Robert (2005). The Phantom Voyagers: Evidence of Indonesian Settlement in Africa in Ancient Times. Thurlton.
- – via JSTOR.
- ^ Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1993). "Trading Ships of the South China Sea. Shipbuilding Techniques and Their Role in the History of the Development of Asian Trade Networks". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 36 (3): 253–280.
- ^ The Indonesian Phinisi
- ^ Biran Sailing, South Sulawesi, by Horst Liebner. Archived 2020-01-20 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Liebner, Horst H. (2005), "Perahu-Perahu Tradisional Nusantara: Suatu Tinjauan Perkapalan dan Pelayaran", in Edi, Sedyawati (ed.), Eksplorasi Sumberdaya Budaya Maritim, Jakarta: Pusat Riset Wilayah Laut dan Sumber Daya Nonhayati, Badan Riset Kelautan dan Perikanan; Pusat Penelitian Kemasyarakatan dan Budaya, Universitas Indonesia, pp. 53–124
- ^ Jones, John Winter (1863). The travels of Ludovico di Varthema in Egypt, Syria, Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix, in Persia, India, and Ethiopia, A.D. 1503 to 1508. Hakluyt Society.
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- ^ "Majapahit-era Technologies". Nusantara Review. 2 October 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
- ^ "Selamat Ulang Tahun, LIPI!". lipi.go.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 12 March 2020.
- ^ "4 Pilar Visi Indonesia 2045". indonesiabaik.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 12 March 2020.
- ^ detikcom, Tim (10 April 2021). "Bolak-balik Kementerian Pendidikan Era Jokowi Diotak-atik". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 6 September 2021.
- ^ Muttaqin, Muhammad (10 August 2021). "Jokowi Instruksikan BRIN Konsolidasikan Riset & Inovasi Nasional | Teknologi". Gatra (in Indonesian). Retrieved 6 September 2021.
- ^ Nua, Faustinus (27 May 2021). "Konsolidasi Tahap I BRIN Libatkan 12 Ribu Pegawai dan Rp26,8 T". mediaindonesia.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 6 September 2021.
- ^ "ITB, UGM, UI named top three universities in Indonesia". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
- ^ WIPO. "Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition". www.wipo.int. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
- ^ Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno; León Rivera, Lorena; Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha (20 September 2021). Global Innovation Index 2021: Tracking Innovation through the COVID-19 Crisis (14 ed.). World Intellectual Property Organization. p. 94.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "What is tempeh starter?". Tempeh.info.
- ISBN 9781592577705. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
- ^ Sosrobahu Bertumpu di Atas Piring
- ^ "Pondasi Cakar Ayam". ilmutekniksipil.com (in Indonesian). 12 October 2012.
- ^ Habibie receives honorary doctorate Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- The Jakarta Globe, Jakarta, archived from the originalon 18 September 2012, retrieved 18 November 2010
- ^ Wiweko Perancang Pesawat Indonesia Pertama
- ^ PT. INKA's Products
- ^ "Gojek and Tokopedia merge to form GoTo Group". TechCrunch. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
- ^ Faris Sabilar Rusydi (17 June 2016). "Lapan Target Luncurkan Roket Pengorbit Satelit Pada 2040" (in Indonesian). LAPAN. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ Onno W. Purbo: Opening windows for knowledge
- ^ "Tentang Kami | Gojek". www.gojek.com. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
- ^ A Man and His Robot Make the Most of a Golden Opportunity
- ^ THE ROBOT TEAM OF ITS WON THE THIRD PLACE IN AN ASIA PACIFIC COMPETITION