Hindko
Hindko | |
---|---|
Peshori (For the dialect spoken in Pothohar | |
Ethnicity | Hindkowans and Hazarewal |
Native speakers | 5–7 million (2017–2020)[1][2] |
| |
Dialects |
|
2017 Pakistan Census |
Hindko (ہندکو IPA: [ˈɦɪnd̪koː]) is a cover term for a diverse group of Lahnda dialects spoken by several million people of various ethnic backgrounds in several areas in northwestern Pakistan, primarily in parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab.[3]
There is a nascent language movement,[4] and in recent decades, Hindko-speaking intellectuals have started promoting the view of Hindko as a separate language.[5] There is a literary tradition based on Peshawari,[6] the urban variety of Peshawar in the northwest, and another one based on the language of Abbottabad in the northeast.[7] In the 2017 census of Pakistan, 5.1 million people declared their language to be Hindko,[1] while a 2020 estimate placed the number of speakers at 7 million.[2]
Hindko, to some extent, is mutually intelligible with other Punjabi varieties including
The word Hindko, commonly used to refer to a number of Indo-Aryan dialects spoken in the neighborhood of
Like other Lahnda varieties, Hindko is derived from the Shauraseni Prakrit.[14][15]
Due to the effects of dominant languages in Pakistani media such as Urdu, Standard Punjabi, and English and the religious impact of Arabic and Persian, Hindko, like other regional varieties of Pakistan, is continuously expanding its vocabulary base with loan words.[16]
Geographic distribution and dialects
Varieties of Hindko are primarily spoken in a core area in the district of Attock in the northwestern corner of the province of
The central dialect group comprises
In a group of its own is Peshawari,
A separate group is formed in the northeast by the relatively homogeneous dialects of the
The whole dialect continuum of Hindko is partitioned by Ethnologue into two languages: Northern Hindko (ISO 639-3 code: hno)[2] for the dialects of Hazara, and Southern Hindko (ISO 639-3: hnd)[29] for the remaining varieties. This grouping finds support in the results of the intelligibility testing done by Rensch, which also found out that the southern dialects are more widely understood throughout the Hindko area than are the northern ones.[30]
Hindko dialects gradually transition into other varieties of Lahnda and Punjabi to the south. For example, to the southwest across the
There are Hindko
Social setting
There is no generic name for the speakers of Southern Hindko because they belong to diverse ethnic groups and tend to identify themselves by the larger families or
The most common second language for Hindko-speakers in Pakistan is
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive
|
voiceless | p pʰ | t tʰ
|
ʈ ʈʰ | c cʰ | k kʰ | |
voiced | b bʱ | d dʱ
|
ɖ ɖʱ | ɟ ɟʱ | ɡ ɡʱ | ||
Fricative
|
f | s z | ɕ | x ɣ | ɦ | ||
Nasal | m | n
|
ɳ | ||||
Rhotic | r
|
ɽ | |||||
Lateral | l
|
||||||
Approximant
|
ʋ | j |
Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Retroflex | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive
|
voiceless | p pʰ | t tʰ
|
ʈ ʈʰ | tʃ tʃʰ | k kʰ | |
voiced | b | d
|
ɖ | dʒ | ɡ | ||
Fricative
|
f v | s z | ʃ | x ɣ | ɦ | ||
Nasal | m | n
|
(ɳ) | (ŋ) | |||
Rhotic | r
|
ɽ | |||||
Lateral | l
|
||||||
Approximant
|
j |
Hindko contrasts
Fricatives like /f/, /x/ and /ɣ/ are found in loans (for example from Persian), but also in native words, often as positional allophones of the corresponding stop.[50] Some documented instances include:
- before other consonants in Kohati (/ɑːxdɑː/ 'saying' versus /ɑːkhɑː/ 'said'),
- in the middle or end of words in Peshawari (/nɪɣʊl/ 'swallow (verb)'),[51]
- word-medially after stressed vowels in Abbottabad Hindko (/deːxɽ̃ɑː/ 'to look'),[52]
- at the ends of words after vowels in the Hindko of Kashmir (/lɪx/ 'write').[53]
Generally, the fricatives can be found in all positions: at the start, the middle, or at the end of the word (Tanoli Hindko: /xrɑːb/ 'spoilt', /ləxxət/ 'small stick', /ʃɑːx/ 'branch'),
Apart from /m/ and /n/, Hindko dialects distinguish a varying number of other nasal consonants. The
Hindko varieties have a single
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | iː | uː | |||
ɪ | ʊ | ||||
Mid | eː | oː | |||
æː | |||||
ə | |||||
Open | ɑː |
Hindko has three short vowels /ɪ/, /ʊ/ and /ə/, and six long vowels: /iː/, /eː/, /æː/, /ɑː/, /oː/ and /uː/. The vowels can be illustrated with the following examples from Tanoli: /tʃɪpp/ 'big stone', /dʊxx/ 'pain', /kəll/ 'yesterday', /biːɽɑː/ 'button', /keː/ 'what', /bæːrɑː/ 'piece of meat', /tɑːr/ 'Sunday', /tʃoːr/ 'thief', /kuːɽɑː/ 'filth'.[71] Length is strongly contrastive and the long vowels are generally twice as long as the corresponding short vowels.[72] The Awankari dialect distinguishes between open and close "o" (/poːlɑː/ 'soft' vs. /pɔːlɑː/ 'shoe').[73]
Varieties of Hindko also possess a number of
Nasalised vowels
Hindko dialects possess phonemic
Additionally, vowels get nasalised
Tone
Unlike many Indo-Aryan languages, but in common with other Punjabi varieties, Hindko dialects have a system of
The variety spoken to the north-east, in Neelam Valley, has preserved voiced aspirates at the start of the word, so presumably the low tone is not established there. However, there are observations of its appearance in the speech of the residents of the main villages along the highway, likely under the influence of Majhi and Hazara Hindko,[41] and it has similarly been reported in the villages on the Indian side.[85]
The southern Hindko varieties have similarly developed tone, but only when the voiced aspirate followed the stressed vowel; voiced aspirates preceding the stress have remained unchanged: thus /ʋə́d/ 'more' (< vədʱ), but /dʱiː/ 'daughter'.
Alphabet
Hindko, like other Punjabi varieties, is generally written in the Shahmukhi Punjabi alphabet.[89] It was created by Rehmat Aziz Chitrali at Khowar Academy Chitral.
Letter | Name of Letter | Transcription | IPA |
---|---|---|---|
آ | waḍḍi alif | ā | /ə/ |
ا | alif | a | /a/ |
ب | be | p | /b/ |
پ | pe | b | /p/ |
ت | te | t | /t/ |
ٹ | ṭe | ṭ | /ʈ/ |
ث | se | s | /s/ |
ج | jīm | j | /d͡ʒ/ |
چ | če | č | /t͡ʃ/ |
ح | he | h | /h/ |
خ | xe | x | /x/ |
ڇ | ʄe | ʄ | /ʄ/ |
د | dāl | d | /d/ |
ڈ | ḍāl | ḍ | /ɖ/ |
ذ | zāl | (z) | /z/ |
ر | re | r | /r/ |
ڑ | ṛe | ṛ | /ɽ/ |
ز | ze | z | /z/ |
ݬ | ce | c | /ɕ/ |
س | sīn | s | /s/ |
ش | šīn | š | /ʃ/ |
ص | svād | (s) | /s/ |
ض | zvād | (z) | /z/ |
ط | to'e | (t) | /t/ |
ظ | zo'e | (z) | /z/ |
ع | ‘ain | (‘/'), (a), (e), (ē), (o), (i), (u) | /∅/, /ə/, /e/, /ɛ/, /o/, /ɪ/, /ʊ/ |
غ | ǧain | ǧ | /ɣ/ |
ف | fe | f | /f/ |
ق | qāf | q | /q/ |
ڨ | vāf | v | /v/ |
ک | kāf | k | /k/ |
گ | gāf | g | /g/ |
ل | lām | l | /l/ |
م | mīm | m | /m/ |
ن | nūn | n | /n/ |
ں | ñun | ñ | /ɲ/ |
ݩ | ñun | ñ | /ɲ/ |
ݩگ | ngun | ng | /ŋ/ |
ݨ | ṇūn | ṇ | /ɳ/ |
و | wāw | w | /ʋ/ |
ؤ | waw-e-hamza | 'w | /ʔu/ |
ٷ | waw-e-humza-e-dumma | u | /ʊ/ |
ہ | coṭī he | h | /ɦ/ |
ھ | do cašmī he | _h | /◌ʰ/, /◌ʱ/ |
ء | hamza | ' | /ʔ/ |
ی | coṭī ye | y, ī | /j/, /i/ |
ئ | hamza-e-yeh | ai | /æː/ |
ے | waḍḍi ye | e, ē | /e/, /ɛ/ |
Literature
The Gandhara Hindko Board is a leading organisation that has been active in the preservation and promotion of the Hindko and culture since 1993. The board was launched in Peshawar in year 1993 to preserve and promote Hindko —the second most spoken of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It brings out four regular publications— Hindkowan, The Gandhara Voice, " Sarkhail" and "Tarey" and a number of occasional publications. Late professor Zahoor Ahmad Awan of Peshawar city, the author of 61 books and publications, was the founding-chairman of the board. Now the board is headed by Ejaz Ahmad Qureshi. The board has published first Hindko dictionary and several other books on a variety of topics. With head office in Peshawar, the organisation has regional offices in other cities of the province where Hindko is spoken and understood.
In 2003 the Gandhara Hindko Board published first a Hindko dictionary which was compiled by a prominent linguists from Abbottabad, Sultan Sakoon. The board published a second more comprehensive Hindko dictionary in 2007 prepared by Elahi Bakhsh Awan of the University of London. He is the author of Sarzamin e Hindko, and Hindko Sautiyat. His three booklets on Hindko phonology were published by the University of Peshawar in the late 1970s.
The Idara-e-Faroghe Hindko based in Peshawar is another body that is promoting Hindko. Riffat Akbar Swati and Aurangzeb Ghaznavi are main people of this organisation. The Idara has published the first Hindko translation of the Quran by Haider Zaman Haider and the first Ph.D. thesis on Hindko by E.B.A. Awan. A monthly magazine Faroogh is also published regularly from Peshawar under supervision of Aurangzeb Ghaznavi. In Karachi Syed Mehboob is working for the promotion of Hindko. His articles are frequently published in Farogh monthly. He is organiser of Hindko Falahi Forum.
Many organisations like Bazm-e-Ilm-o-Fun Abbottabad and Halqa-e-Yaraan Shinkyari promote Hindko and literature. Asif Saqib, Sufi Abdur Rasheed, Fazal-e-Akbar Kamal, Sharif Hussain Shah, Muhammad Farid, Yahya Khalid, Nazir Kasalvi, and Muhammad Hanif have contributed a lot in this regard. Sultan Sakoon has written the First Hindko dictionary that has been published by Gandhara Hindko Board. Sultan Sakoon stands out for his literary contribution as he is a prolific writer and his books including those on Hindko proverbs and Hindko riddles have been published.
Poetry example
An excerpt from the Kalām of Ahmad Ali Saayein, which carries Hindko influence on Standard Punjabi:[90]
الف اول ہے عالم ہست سی او
ہاتف آپ پکاریا بسمہ اللہ
فیر قلم نوں حکم نوشت ہویا
ہس کے قلم سر ماریا بسمہ اللہ
نقشہ لوح محفوظ دے وچ سینے
قلم صاف اتاریا بسمہ اللہ
اس تحریر نوں پڑھ کے فرشتیاں نے
سائیاں شکر گزاریا بسمہ اللہ
Transliteration: Alif-Awal hai Alam e hast sī o
Hātif āp pukārā Bismillah
Fīr Qalam nū̃ hukum e Nawišt hoyā
Hus ke qalam sir māriyā Bismillah
Naqšā Loh e Mahfūz dai wic sine
Qalam sāf utāriyā Bismillah
Is Tahrīr nū̃ paṛah ke Farištiyā̃ ne
Sāiyā̃ Šukar guzāriyā Bismillah
Translation: "He is the foremost from the world of existence
Voice of the unseen exclaimed Bismillah
The pen was ordered to write
Pen carried out the order to write Bismillah
When angels read this composition
Saaieaan, they showed their thankfulness with Bismillah"
Proverbs
Hindko has a rich heritage of proverbs (Hindko matlaan, sg. matal).[91][92] An example of a proverb:
جدھر سر ادھر سرہانڑا
Transliteration: Jidur sir udur sarhanra
Translation: "Good person gains respect everywhere."
Notes
- ^ The term Hindki normally refers to a Hindko speaker and Shackle (1980, p. 482) reports that in Pashto the term has slightly pejorative connotations, which are avoided with the recently introduced term Hindkūn.
- ^ Lexical similarity was calculated on the basis of a 210-item wordlist elicited in the following localities:
- the city of Peshawar
- rural Peshawar District: Wad Pagga and Pakha Gholam
- Kohati: the city of Kohat
- Attock: Attock City and Talagang
- Hazara: three settlements of Mansehra District: Balakot, Sherpur and Mansehra City; two in Haripur District: Singo Di Garhi and Jammun (near Ghazi) (Rensch 1992, pp. 53–58)
- ^ The exception is the divergent Khālsavī dialect of the Tappa Khālsā group of villages east of the city.
- ^ The local pronunciation is [pɪʃʌori]) (Shackle 1980, p. 497).
- ^ There is uncertainty about the phonemic status of /æ͂ː/: it is absent according to Nawaz (2014) (for Tanawal) and Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar (2012, pp. 70, 74) (for Azad Kashmir), but an example is adduced by Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b).
References
- ^ a b "TABLE 11 - POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN" (PDF). Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- ^ a b c Hindko, Northern at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
- ^ For the heterogeneity of the dialects, see Rensch (1992, p. 53); Masica (1991, pp. 18–19); Shackle (1980, p. 482): the term Hindko is a "collective label" which "embraces dialects of very different groups, not all of which are even geographically contiguous.". For the ethnic diversity, see Rensch (1992, pp. 10–11)
- ^ Shackle 1979, p. 198.
- ^ a b Rahman 1996, p. 211.
- NWFP'Hindko'".
- ^ Rahman 1996, pp. 211–14.
- ^ Shackle 1979, pp. 200–1.
- ^ Shackle 1980, p. 486.
- ISSN 0272-2690.
- ^ Shackle 1980, p. 482; Rensch 1992, pp. 3–4. See there for alternative etymologies.
- ^ Rensch 1992, p. 4.
- ^ Nawaz 2014, p. 5; Shackle 1980, p. 482.
- ISBN 978-0-429-78579-5.
The outer languages descend from various sources: The Eastern group from Magadhi Prakrit, Marathi from Maharastri Prakrit (which was a sub-division of Ardha-Māgadhi Prakrit, leaning more towards Māgadhi than Sauraseni), while Sindhi and Lahnda, whose early histories are not entirely clear, seem to be derived from Apabhramsas which show Sauraseni influence .
- ^ Kudva, Venkataraya Narayan (1972). History of the Dakshinatya Saraswats. Samyukta Gowda Saraswata Sabha. p. 218.
The Outer branch includes Lahnda spoken in West Punjab, Sindhi, Marathi, Briya Bahari (including its dialect Maithili), Bengali and Assamese. They are derived from Sauraseni Prakrit.
- .
- ^ Shackle 1980, pp. 484–86.
- ^ Rensch 1992, pp. 57, 85.
- ^ a b Rensch 1992, pp. 55–56.
- ^ Shackle 1980, pp. 497–98.
- ^ For its literature and status in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, see Shackle (1980, pp. 486, 509); for the emerging prestige of Peshawari in Hazara, see Rensch (1992, pp. 76–77).
- ^ Shackle 1980, p. 497.
- ^ Shackle 1980, p. 509.
- ^ Shackle 1980, p. 485.
- ^ Rensch 1992, p. 56.
- ^ Nawaz 2014, pp. 1–4.
- ^ Akhtar & Rehman 2007, pp. 68–69.
- ^ Sohail, Rehman & Kiani 2016.
- ^ Hindko, Southern at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
- ^ Rensch 1992, pp. 58–62.
- ^ Shackle 1980, p. 484.
- ^ Rensch 1992, pp. 7–8, 57.
- ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010. The speech of Muzaffarabad is locally called "Hindko", but in its vocabulary it is closer to Pahari.
- ^ See Pierce (2011) for a study of a community of Hazara Hindko speakers in Karachi.
- ^ The rise and development of Urdu and the importance of regional languages in Pakistan. Christian Study Centre. p. 38.
Shackle suggests Hindko simply means "Indian language" and describes it as a "collective label for the variety of Indo-Aryan dialects either alongside or in vicinity of Pushto in the northwest of the country". Hindko is the most significant linguistic minority in the NWFP, represented in nearly one-fifth (18.7%) of the province's total households. ... The Influence of Pushto on Hazara appears to have become more pronounced, due in part to an Influx of Pashtuns replacing the Hindko-speaking Sikhs and Hindus who formerly held key trading positions and who departed at independence.
- ^ "Peshawarites still remember the Kapoor family". Daily Times. 29 December 2003.
- ^ Venkatesh, Karthik (6 July 2019). "The strange and little-known case of Hindko". Mint. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
In India, Hindko is little known, and while there are Hindko speakers in parts of Jammu and Kashmir as well as among other communities who migrated to India post Partition, by and large it has been absorbed under the broad umbrella of Punjabi...There is also a strong sense of a Hindko identity, as the Pakistani state realized when the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) was renamed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2010. The loudest opposition to the renaming came from Hindkowans who feared being submerged in the Pashtun identity of the newly named state. It also prompted calls for a separate state for Hindko speakers.
- ^ Wyeth 2018.
- ^ Rensch, Calvin Ross; O'Leary, Clare F.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (1992). Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan: Hindko and Gujari. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. pp. 10–11.
Members of a variety of ethnic groups speak the language called Hindko. A large number of Hindko speakers in Hazara Division (Mansehra and Abbottabad Districts) are Pashtoons. Some of those speak Hindko as a second language; many others speak it as their mother tongue. These include the Tahir Kheli Pashtoons, who claim to have migrated to Hazara Division from Afghanistan during the eighteenth century. Many other mother- tongue speakers of Hindko are Swati Pathans, who are said to have formerly spoken Pashto while living in the lower Swat valley. After migrating across the Indus River into Hazara Division, which Ahmed dates around A.D. 1515, the Swatis adopted the Hindko language. There are also Pashtoons belonging to three other groups, the Yusufzai, the Jadun and the Tarin, who have replaced Pashto with Hindko. Many speakers of Hindko belong to groups other than the Pashtoons: Some of these are Saiyids, said to have come to the area in the early centuries of Islamic history, many of whom live in the Peshawar area. Large numbers of Hindko speakers are Avans, particularly in Attock District and Hazara Division. Still others belong to groups of Moughals, Bulghadris, Turks and Qureshis. In Jammun significant numbers of Gujars have adopted Hindko as their first language.
- ^ Rensch 1992, p. 80.
- ^ a b Akhtar & Rehman 2007, p. 69.
- ^ Rensch 1992, pp. 4–5; Shackle 1983.
- ^ The rise and development of Urdu and the importance of regional languages in Pakistan. Christian Study Centre. p. 38.
Shackle suggests Hindko simply means "Indian language" and describes it as a "collective label for the variety of Indo-Aryan dialects either alongside or in vicinity of Pushto in the northwest of the country". Hindko is the most significant linguistic minority in the NWFP, represented in nearly one-fifth (18.7%) of the province's total households. ... The Influence of Pushto on Hazara appears to have become more pronounced, due in part to an Influx of Pashtuns replacing the Hindko-speaking Sikhs and Hindus who formerly held key trading positions and who departed at independence.
- ^ Bahri 1963, pp. 108–9.
- ^ Nawaz & Afsar 2016; Bashir & Conners 2019, p. 22; Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015a.
- ^ Bashir & Conners 2019, p. 22; Nawaz 2014; Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b.
- ^ Bahri 1963, pp. 21–22, 26. In some subdialects there is a tendency for the loss of the aspiration.
- ^ Shackle 1980, pp. 487, 498.
- ^ Kiani et al. 2012.
- ^ a b Shackle 1980, p. 487.
- ^ Shackle 1980, pp. 487, 499.
- ^ Bashir & Conners 2019, p. 27.
- ^ Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b, p. 25.
- ^ Nawaz 2014, p. 149.
- ^ Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Khan 2014, p. 73. There is no such restriction in the Hindko of Tanawal: /rɑ:ɦ/ 'plough' (Nawaz 2014, p. 149).
- ^ Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Khan 2014.
- ^ Nawaz 2014, pp. 150–153.
- ^ Bahri 1963.
- ^ See for example Nawaz (2014, p. 130).
- ^ Bashir & Conners 2019, p. 26.
- ^ Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b, pp. 28–29, but see also Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015a, p. 199) for the nasalised flap.
- ^ a b Bahri 1963, pp. 113–5.
- ^ Nawaz 2014, pp. 128–129.
- ^ Nawaz 2014, pp. 128–30. Word-finally, the velar nasal contrasts with nasal + stop sequences: /kə̃ŋɡ/ 'annoyance', and with other nasals: /tʃənn/ 'moon'.
- ^ Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b, p. 28.
- ^ Bashir & Conners 2019, p. 22.
- ^ Bashir & Conners (2019, p. 26) for Hazara Hindko, Shackle (1980, p. 487) for Kohati.
- ^ Bahri 1963, pp. 116–7, 143.
- ^ Nawaz 2014, pp. 180–84; Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015a, pp. 198–200; Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b, p. 29.
- ^ Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar 2012; Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar 2013, pp. 73–78. Nawaz (2014, pp. 212–13) states that phonetically the most accurate IPA symbol for the central vowel is not /ə/ but /ɐ/.
- ^ Nawaz 2014, p. 199.
- ^ Nawaz 2014, pp. 207–10; Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b, pp. 76–79; Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar 2012; Bahri (1963, pp. 48–53) has a more elaborate classification of vowels by length.
- ^ Bahri 1963, pp. 40–46.
- ^ Nawaz (2014, pp. 220ff) features a phonemic analysis for the Hazara Hindko of Tanawal; a similar analysis with different conclusions is carried out by Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar (2012, pp. 71–73) for a variety of Azad Kashmir; Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b, pp. 100–11) presents an acoustic analysis of the same variety with yet different results. An exhaustive catalogue of vowel sequences is found in Bahri (1963).
- ^ Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b, p. 94.
- ^ Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b, pp. 92–95; Nawaz 2014, pp. 227–32.
- ^ a b Bahri 1963, p. 61.
- ^ Bashir & Conners 2019, pp. 44–45.
- ^ Shackle 1980, p. 500.
- ^ Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b, pp. 92–93; Nawaz 2014, pp. 227–32
- ^ Bashir & Conners 2019, p. 44.
- ^ For the characterisation of Punjabi tone as pitch accent, see Bhardwaj (2016, pp. 67–70).
- ^ Bhardwaj 2016, pp. 71–72.
- ^ Bashir & Conners 2019, pp. 47–48.
- ^ Sohail, Rehman & Kiani 2016, p. 109.
- ^ Shackle 2003, pp. 593–94.
- ^ In the analysis by Bahl (1957). But see also Bahri (1963, pp. 189–91).
- ^ This is the interpretation in Shackle (1980, pp. 498–99). Awan (1974) presents a different, much more detailed analysis, where tone is treated as a feature of the whole phrase, not the individual word, and where the exact phonetic realisation may vary significantly.
- ^ "Hindko Qaida by Rehmat Aziz Chitrali published by Khowar Academy Chitral".
- ^ الف اول ہے عالم ہست سی او
- ^ Hindko, Matlaan (2015). Hindko Matlaa'n: 151 Hindko Proverbs. Gandhara Hindko Board.
- ^ "The Gandhara Hindko Academy Launched an App of the Hindko language proverbs". 2018.
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- Akhtar, Raja Nasim; Rehman, Khawaja A. (2007). "The Languages of the Neelam Valley". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 10 (1): 65–84. ISSN 1028-6640.
- Awan, Elahi Bakhsh Akhtar (1974). The phonology of the verbal phrase in Hindko (PhD). SOAS, University of London. A detailed study based on the dialect of the city of Peshawar. A version was published in 1994 by Idara Farogh-e-Hindko, Peshawar.
- Bahl, Kalicharan (1957). "A Note on Tones in Western Punjabi (Lahanda)". Indian Linguistics. 18: 30–34.
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- Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Akhtar, Raja Nasim (2013). "An Acoustic Analysis of Hindko Oral Vowels". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 16 (2): 59–79. ProQuest 1628966213.
- Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Khan, Abdul Qadir (2014). "A Phonemic and Acoustic Analysis of Hindko Fricatives". Acta Linguistica Asiatica. 4 (3).
- Kiani, Zafeer Hussain; Bukhari, Nadeem; Ahmed, Jamil; Hameed, Nouman (2012). "Acoustic Analysis of Hindko Stops". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 15 (2): 135–150. ProQuest 1370361471.
- Lothers, Michael; Lothers, Laura (2010). Pahari and Pothwari: a sociolinguistic survey (Report). SIL Electronic Survey Reports. Vol. 2010–012.
- ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7.
- Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad.
- Nawaz, Muhammad; Afsar, Ayaz (2016). "A Phonetic Analysis of Hindko Affricate Sounds". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 19 (1): 65–73. ISSN 1028-6640.
- Pierce, Johnathan F. (2011). Dialectics of Linguistic Elicitation: Textuality, language ideology and consultant interventions in linguistic fieldwork among urban Hindko speakers (Thesis). United States -- Nevada: University of Nevada, Reno.
- ISBN 978-0-19-577692-8.
- Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5.
- ISSN 0079-1636.
- S2CID 129436200.
- Shackle, Christopher (1983). "Language, Dialect and Local Identity in Northern Pakistan". In Wolfgang-Peter Zingel; Stephanie Zingel-Avé Lallemant (eds.). Pakistan in Its Fourth Decade: Current Political, Social and Economic Situation and Prospects for the 1980s. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Orient-Instituts. Vol. 23. Hamburg: Deutsches Orient-Institut. pp. 175–87.
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- Sohail, Ayesha; Rehman, Khawaja A.; Kiani, Zafeer Hussain (2016). "Language divergence caused by LoC: a case study of District Kupwara (Jammu & Kashmir) and District Neelum (Azad Jammu & Kashmir)". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 19 (2): 103–120. ISSN 1028-6640.
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Further reading
- 2004: Hindko Sautiyat, Dr E.B.A. Awan, published by Gandhara Hindko Board Peshawar in 2004.
- 2005: Hindko Land - a thesis presented by Dr E.B.A. Awan at the World Hindko Conference at Peshawar in 2005.
- 1978: "Rival linguistic identities in Pakistan Punjab." Rule, protest, identity: aspects of modern South Asia (ed. P. Robb & D. Taylor), 213–34. London: Curzon
- Monthly Farogh Peshawar Hindko magazine March 2010.
- Karachi main Hindko zaban o adab Dr.Syed Mehboob ka kirdar " by Kamal Shah
- Toker, Halil (2014). A practical guide to Hindko Grammar. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4907-2379-2. (based on the Hindko of Peshawar)