Parya language
Parya | |
---|---|
Парйа | |
Native to | Gissar Valley, Surkhandarya basin |
Native speakers | 2,600 (2008–2017)[1] Tajikistan: 1,600 (2017)[1] Uzbekistan: 1,000 (2008)[1] Afghanistan: Extinct (no date)[1] |
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | paq |
Glottolog | pary1242 |
ELP | Parya |
Parya (
Classification and Status
Parya is classified as a Central Zone[2] language in the Indo-Aryan language family.[3]
Tajuzbeki (or Tadj-Uzbeki) was an alternative name coined by Bholanath Tiwari for the same language.
SIL estimates that there may be between 2,500 and 7,500 speakers.[5][6]
The language is not officially recognized or used in schools[7] and is categorized as severely endangered.[8]
Speakers of Parya
Parya is spoken in the
The language is mostly spoken with ones family and relations, and it is almost always spoken in the homes of native speakers.[9]
Parya speakers tend to be bilingual in the dominant languages surrounding them,[10] but tend to exclusively use Parya at home.[1]
The Tajik language has increasingly influenced the Parya language.[11]
Phonology
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar- Palatal |
Retroflex | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n̪
|
ɲ | ɳ | ŋ | ||||
Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t̪
|
t͡ʃ | ʈ | k | q | ||
aspirated | pʰ | t̪ʰ | t͡ʃʰ | ʈʰ | kʰ | ||||
voiced | b | d̪
|
d͡ʒ | ɖ | ɡ | ||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | x | ||||
voiced | v | z | ɣ | ||||||
Approximant | l
|
j | ɽ | ɦ |
Grammar
Vigesimal counting
Parya employs some vigesimal numeral counting patterns.[12][13]
English | Parya | Hindi | Cognate Hindi words |
---|---|---|---|
one | yek | ek | |
two | du | do | |
three | tin | tīn | |
four | char | cār | |
five | panj | pāñc | |
ten | dus | das | |
twenty | bis | bīs | |
seventy | sare tin bisi | sattar | sāṛhe tīn = three and a half; bīs = twenty |
ninety | sare char bisi | nabbe | sāṛhe cār = four and a half; bīs = twenty |
References
- ^ a b c d e f Parya at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ "Did you know Parya is threatened?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
- ^ Abbess, Elisabeth; Muller, Katja; Paul, Daniel; Tiessen, Calvin; Tiessen, Gabriela (May 2010). "Language Maintenance Among the Parya of Tajikistan". Retrieved October 10, 2020.
- ^ a b Tiwari, Bholanath (1970). Tajuzbeki. National Publishing House.
- ^ Abbess, Elisabeth; Muller, Katja; Paul, Daniel; Tiessen, Calvin; Tiessen, Gabriela (May 2010). "Language Maintenance Among the Parya of Tajikistan". Retrieved March 10, 2017.
- ISBN 9783110170504.
- ^ Clifton, John (2010). "Stable Multilingualism in Tajikistan". CLS 46-2: The parasessions. Chicago Linguistic Society. pp. 17–25.
- ^ ChartsBin. "Number of Endangered Languages by Country". ChartsBin. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
- ^ "Did you know Parya is threatened?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
- ^ Abbess, Elisabeth; Muller, Katja; Paul, Daniel; Tiessen, Calvin; Tiessen, Gabriela (May 2010). "Language Maintenance Among the Parya of Tajikistan". Retrieved March 6, 2021.
- ISBN 9789231040962.
- ISBN 978-3-11-016113-7
- ^ Iosef Mikhailovich Oranski, "Dva indoariyski dialekta iz Srednei Azii", Indiyskaya i Iranskaya Filologiya; Institut Narodov Azii, Nauka, 1964.
External links
- The Indo-Aryan languages - a tour
- Parya numerals at the Wayback Machine (archived 2021-01-16)