Kishtwari
Kishtwari | |
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Native to | Jammu and Kashmir |
Ethnicity | Kishtwaris |
Native speakers | 40,000 (2011 census)[1][2] |
Indo-European
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Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog | kish1245 |
Kishtwari or Kashtwari is a Northern Indo-Aryan language closely related to the Kashmiri language, with strong influences from neighbouring Western Pahari varieties. It is spoken by Hindus in Kishtwar district of Jammu division in Jammu and Kashmir (union territory), India.
Like Kashmiri, Kishtwari is also a language though George Abraham Grierson has called Kishtwari as a dialect of Kashmiri and a mixed dialect. But when the issue of languages and dialects is thoroughly analysed, Grierson's postulation is found untenable. He has not studied Kishtwari and its dialects. He seems to have been influenced by Kishtwari-Kashmiri, spoken by Muslims of Kishtwar and its spectacular resemblance with kashmiri which is not pure Kashmiri but has close affinity to the Kashmiri of valley. So Kishtwari-Kashmiri is a dialect of kashmiri.
Origin
Kishtwari originated from Prakrit – the spoken language of common people in ancient times. The literary language was Sanskrit which has a close relationship with Prakrit. It can be conveniently be called a sister language of the Kashmiri language, as both have originated from Prakrit which is much simpler than Sanskrit.
Kishtwari has been preserved from the admixture of words and phrases from other languages and dialects. However, the original Prakrit spoken by common man of Kishtwar in olden times has absorbed some words from Dogri, Punjabi, and Persian languages but to a limited extent. The present form of Kishtwari is direct outcome of Prakrit, Pali or Sanskrit.
Classification
Grierson, in his
Kishtwari has historically been classified as a dialect of Kashmiri by scholars such as
Number of speakers
The 1911 Census of India recorded 7,464 speakers of Kishtwari.
Script
Grierson remarks that an idiosyncratic variant of Takri is used to write the Kishtwari language; as well as observing that there does not appear to be standard spelling nor a consistent orthography.
References
- ^ "Census of India 2011: Language" (PDF). Government of India. p. 7.
- ^ "C-16 Population By Mother Tongue". Census of India 2011. Office of the Registrar General.
- ^ Grierson, George Abraham Grierson. Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. 8. pp. 344–383.
- ^ Sharma, Duni Chand (2008). Glimpses Of Kishtwar History. Kishtwar: Chandra Bagha Publishers. pp. 120–131.
- ISSN 0378-0759.
- ISBN 978-2-7637-7186-1.