Central Indo-Aryan languages
| Central Indo-Aryan | |
|---|---|
| Hindi languages | |
| Geographic distribution | South Asia |
| Linguistic classification | Indo-European
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | None west2812 (Western Hindi) east2726 (Eastern Hindi) |
 | |
The Central Indo-Aryan languages or Hindi languages are a group of
Languages
If there can be considered a consensus within the dialectology of Hindi proper, it is that it can be split into two sets of dialects: Western and Eastern Hindi.[1] Western Hindi evolved from the Apabhraṃśa form of Shauraseni Prakrit, Eastern Hindi from Ardhamagadhi Prakrit.[2]
Eastern Hindi languages. From top to bottom: Awadhi, Bagheli and Chhattisgarhi.
- Western Hindi[3]
- Braj (1.6 m), spoken in western Uttar Pradesh and adjacent districts of Rajasthan and Haryana.
- Bundeli (3 m), spoken in south-western Uttar Pradesh and west-central Madhya Pradesh.
- Haryanvi (8 m), spoken in Chandigarh, Haryana, and as a minority in Punjab and Delhi.
- Hindustani (including Hindi and Urdu (373 m)), spoken in western Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, and after partition in Pakistan.
- Kannauji (9.5 m), spoken in west-central Uttar Pradesh.
- Eastern Hindi[4]
- Awadhi (4.35 m), spoken in north and north-central Uttar Pradesh as well as the Caribbean, Fiji, Mauritius and South Africa
- Caribbean Hindustani (300 k) (mostly based on Bhojpuri but has major Awadhi influence)
- Fiji Hindi (460 k) (mostly based on Awadhi with Bhojpuri influence)
- Bagheli (8 m), spoken in north-central Madhya Pradesh and south-eastern Uttar Pradesh.
- Chhattisgarhi (18 m), spoken in southeast Madhya Pradesh and northern and central Chhattisgarh.
- Surgujia (1.7 m), spoken in Chhattisgarh
- Awadhi (4.35 m), spoken in north and north-central Uttar Pradesh as well as the Caribbean, Fiji, Mauritius and South Africa
This analysis excludes varieties sometimes claimed for Hindi for mere political reasons, such as
Seb Seliyer (or at least its ancestor) appear to be Central Zone languages that migrated to the Middle East and Europe ca. 500–1000 CE.
To Western Hindi Ethnologue adds Sansi (Sansiboli), Bagheli, Chamari (a spurious language), Bhaya, Gowari (not a separate language), and Ghera.
Use in non-Hindi regions
- Andaman Creole Hindi is a trade language of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
- Arunachali Hindi is a trade language of Arunachal Pradesh
- Bihari Hindi is a dialect of Hindustani greatly influenced by Bihari languages such as Bhojpuri and Magahi, spoken in urban areas in Bihar.
- Bollywood) because Mumbai is the base of the Bollywood film industry.
- Eastern Hindi lingua-franca that developed among Indo-Caribbeans.
- Dhakaiya Urdu, a dialect of Urdu spoken in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It is based on Hindustani but heavily influenced by Bengali.
- Bangalori Urdu, a dialect of Urdu spoken in the present areas of the erstwhile Hyderabad State, and the historical Deccan region. There is a small but distinct difference between Deccani and standard Hindustani, which is bigger the further south it is spoken.
- .
- Haflong Hindi is a trade language of the areas adjacent to Haflong in Assam
Comparison
The Delhi Hindustani pronunciations [ɛː, ɔː] commonly have diphthongal realizations, ranging from [əɪ] to [ɑɪ] and from [əu] to [ɑu], respectively, in Eastern Hindi varieties and many non-standard Western Hindi varieties.[6]
Notes
- ^ Not to be confused with the Bihari languages, a group of Eastern Indo-Aryan languages.
References
- ^ Shapiro (2003), p. 276.
- ^ Shapiro (2003), p. 305.
- ^ Grierson, George A. (1916). "Western Hindi" (PDF). Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. IX Indo-Aryan family. Central group, Part 1, Specimens of western Hindi and Pañjābī. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India.
- ^ a b Shapiro (2003), p. 277.
- ISSN 0724-7567.
- ^ Shapiro (2003), p. 283.
Bibliography
- Shapiro, Michael C. (2003), "Hindi", in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, pp. 276–314, ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5