15th century

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Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, victorious at the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople and the fall of the Byzantine Empire. Various historians describe it as the end of the Middle Ages.
Muhammad XII surrenders to Ferdinand and Isabella
the Americas
in 1492, 1893 painting.

The 15th century was the century which spans the Julian calendar dates from 1 January 1401 (represented by the Roman numerals MCDI) to 31 December 1500 (MD).

In

Early Renaissance, and the early modern period
. Many technological, social and cultural developments of the 15th century can in retrospect be seen as heralding the "
banking and accounting were founded in Italy
.

The

Richard III by Henry VII at the Battle of Bosworth Field, establishing the Tudor dynasty
in the later part of the century.

Hussite movement would become factors in the rise of the Protestant Reformation
in the following century.

Islamic
rule and returning southern Spain to Christian rulers.

The spices, wines and precious metals of the Bengal Sultanate[5] had attracted European traders to trade with Bengal, but the trade was subsequently lower, due to the rise of the Ottoman Empire, which introduced new taxes and tariffs against European traders. This had led to explorers like Christopher Columbus finding a route to reach India, which eventually reached the Americas. Explorers like Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese traveller, also found a route to reach to India from the African coast.

In

explore the world overseas, the Ming dynasty
's territory reached its pinnacle.

In

spread of Islam led to the destruction of the Christian kingdoms of Nubia, by the end of the century, leaving only Alodia (which was to collapse in 1504). The formerly vast Mali Empire teetered on the brink of collapse, under pressure from the rising Songhai Empire
.

In the Americas, both the Aztec Empire and the Inca Empire reached the peak of their influence, but the voyages of Christopher Columbus and other European voyages of discovery in the Americas, beginning the European colonization of the Americas, changed the course of modern history.

Events

1401–1409

Portrait of the founder of accounting, Luca Pacioli, by Jacopo de' Barbari (Museo di Capodimonte).

1410s

Northern Yuan dynasty and Turco-Mongol
residual states and domains by the 15th century

1420s

Joan of Arc, a French peasant girl, directly influenced the result of the Hundred Years' War.

1430s

1440s

Detail of The Emperor's Approach showing the Xuande Emperor's royal carriage. Ming dynasty of China.

1450s

Modern painting of Mehmed II marching on Constantinople in 1453

1460s

The seventeen Kuchkabals of Yucatán after The League of Mayapan in 1461.

1470s

1480s

Hospitaliers
in the forefront, and Turkish camp in the background.

1490–1500

Hospitaliers
in the forefront, and Turkish camp in the background.
  • Askia (meaning "general") Muhammad. Askia Muhammad made Songhai the largest empire in the history of West Africa. The empire went into decline, however, after 1528, when the now-blind Askia Muhammad was dethroned by his son, Askia Musa
    .
  • Boabdil's surrender of Granada marks the end of the Spanish Reconquista and Al-Andalus
    .
  • Catholicism
    ; 40,000–200,000 leave.
  • 1492: Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas from Spain.
  • 1493: Christopher Columbus landed on modern-day Puerto Rico.
  • 1493: Leonardo da Vinci creates the first known design for a helicopter.
  • 1494: Spain and Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas and agree to divide the World outside of Europe between themselves.
  • 1494–1559: The Italian Wars lead to the downfall of the Italian city-states.
  • 1495: Manuel I of Portugal was succeeded as the king of Portugal (reigns until 1521).
  • 1497–1499: Vasco da Gama's first voyage from Europe to India and back.
  • 1499: Ottoman fleet defeats Venetians at the Battle of Zonchio.
  • 1499: University "Alcalá de Henares" in Madrid, Spain is built.
  • 1499: Michelangelo's Pietà in St. Peter's Basilica is made in Rome
  • 1500: Islam becomes the dominant religion across the Indonesian archipelago.[13]
  • Maynila, on the other side of the Pasig River shortly after taking over Tondo from its monarch, Lakan Gambang.[14]
  • Sundanese Hindu hermit journeys throughout Java and Bali.[15]
  • Archduke of Austria, and Holy Roman Emperor
    ) was born.
  • 1500: Guru Nanak begins the spreading of Sikhism, the fifth-largest religion in the world.
  • 1500: Spanish navigator Vicente Yáñez Pinzón encounters Brazil but is prevented from claiming it by the Treaty of Tordesillas.
  • 1500: Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal.
  • Second Battle of Lepanto
    .

    Gallery

    Inventions, discoveries, introductions

    See also: Science and inventions of Leonardo da Vinci
    See also: Timeline of historic inventions § 15th century

    References

    1. ISBN 0-571-22185-8. (reviewed by Foster, Charles (22 September 2006). "The Conquestof Constantinople and the end of empire". Contemporary Review. Archived from the original
      on 22 August 2009. It is the end of the Middle Ages
    2. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Renaissance, 2008, O.Ed.
    3. ^ McLuhan 1962; Eisenstein 1980; Febvre & Martin 1997; Man 2002
    4. ^ Harvey 2005, p. 14.
    5. ISBN 978-81-8069-149-2
      . Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.
    6. JSTOR 608731
      .
    7. ^ "An introduction to the Ming dynasty (1368–1644)". Khan Academy. Asian Art Museum. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
    8. ^ Modern interpretation of the place names recorded by Chinese chronicles can be found e.g. in Some Southeast Asian Polities Mentioned in the MSL Archived 12 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine by Geoffrey Wade
    9. ^ "Thousands in China are descendants of an ancient Filipino king. Here's how it happened". Filipiknow. 24 March 2017.
    10. ^ "New Sulu King research book by Chinese author debuts in Philippines". Xinhuanet. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021.
    11. ^ a b c d e f g Ricklefs (1991), page 18.
    12. ^ "Shri Mahaprabhuji Shri Vallabhacharyaji Biography | Pushti Sanskar". pushtisanskar.org. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
    13. ^ Leinbach, Thomas R. (20 February 2019). "Religions". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
    14. ISBN 978-94-017-8682-9
      .
    15. ^ Noorduyn, J. (2006). Three Old Sundanese poems. KITLV Press. p. 437.

    Sources

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