Baybayin
Baybayin | ||
---|---|---|
Script type | ||
Time period | 14th to 16th century[1][2] – 18th century (revived in modern times)[3] | |
Direction | Left-to-right | |
Print basis | Writing direction (different variants of baybayin): Unicode range | U+1700–U+171F |
The theorised Semitic origins of the Brahmi script are not universally agreed upon.[5] | ||
Brahmic scripts |
---|
The Brahmi script and its descendants |
Baybayin ( ,
The
Despite being primarily a historic script, the baybayin script has seen some revival in the modern Philippines. It is often used in the insignia of government agencies and books are frequently published either partially or fully in baybayin. Bills to require its use in certain cases and instruction in schools have been repeatedly considered by the Congress of the Philippines.[9]
For modern computers and typing, characters are in the
Terminology
The term baybayín means "to write" or "to spell (syllabize)" in Tagalog. The entry for "ABC's" (i.e., the alphabet) in San Buenaventura's Vocabulary of the Tagalog language (1613) was translated as baibayin ("...de baybay, que es deletrear...", transl. "from baybay, meaning, to spell").[11]
The word baybayin is also occasionally used to refer to the other indigenous writing systems of the Philippines, such as the Buhid, Hanunó'o, Tagbanwa, and Old Kapampangan scripts, among others.[citation needed] Cultural organizations such as Sanghabi and the Heritage Conservation Society recommend that the collection of distinct scripts used by various indigenous groups in the Philippines, including baybayin, iniskaya, kirim jawi, and batang-arab be called suyat, which is a neutral collective noun for referring to any pre-Hispanic Philippine script.[12]
Baybayin is occasionally referred to as alibata,
In modern times, baybayin has been called badlit, kudlít-kabadlit by the
Origins
The origins of baybayin are disputed and multiple theories exist as to its origin.
Influence of Greater India
Historically
Kawi
The
South Sulawesi scripts
Cham script
Baybayin could have been introduced to the Philippines by maritime connections with the Champa Kingdom. Geoff Wade has argued that the baybayin characters "ga", "nga", "pa", "ma", "ya" and "sa" display characteristics that can be best explained by linking them to the Cham script, rather than other Indic abugidas. According to Wade, Baybayin seems to be more related to other southeast Asian scripts than to Kawi script. Wade argues that the Laguna Copperplate Inscription is not definitive proof for a Kawi origin of baybayin, as the inscription displays final consonants, which baybayin does not.[32]
History
From the material that is available, it is clear that baybayin was used in Luzon, Palawan, Mindoro, Pangasinan, Ilocos, Panay, Leyte and Iloilo, but there is no proof supporting that baybayin reached Mindanao. It appears that the Luzon and Palawan varieties started to develop in different ways in the 1500s, before the Spaniards conquered what we know today as the Philippines. This puts Luzon and Palawan as the oldest regions where baybayin was and is used. It is also notable that the script used in Pampanga had already developed special shapes for four letters by the early 1600s, different from the ones used elsewhere. There were three somewhat distinct varieties of baybayin in the late 1500s and 1600s, though they could not be described as three different scripts any more than the different styles of Latin script across medieval or modern Europe with their slightly different sets of letters and spelling systems.[4]
-
Tagalog baybayin
-
Sambal variety, used for the Sambal language of Zambales
-
Kuritan variety, fromIlocos
-
Iskriturang basahan, from theBicol region
-
Pangasinan language variety
-
Badlit variety from Visayas
-
Kapampangan variety from Pampanga
Early history
An earthenware burial jar, called the "Calatagan Pot," found in
Although one of Ferdinand Magellan's shipmates, Antonio Pigafetta, wrote that the people of the Visayas were not literate in 1521, the baybayin had already arrived there by 1567 when Miguel López de Legazpi reported from Cebu that, "They [the Visayans] have their letters and characters like those of the Malays, from whom they learned them; they write them on bamboo bark and palm leaves with a pointed tool, but never is any ancient writing found among them nor word of their origin and arrival in these islands, their customs and rites being preserved by traditions handed down from father to son without any other record."[34] A century later, in 1668, Francisco Alcina wrote: "The characters of these natives [Visayans], or, better said, those that have been in use for a few years in these parts, an art which was communicated to them from the Tagalogs, and the latter learned it from the Borneans who came from the great island of Borneo to Manila, with whom they have considerable traffic... From these Borneans the Tagalogs learned their characters, and from them the Visayans, so they call them Moro characters or letters because the Moros taught them... [the Visayans] learned [the Moros'] letters, which many use today, and the women much more than the men, which they write and read more readily than the latter."[15] Francisco de Santa Inés explained in 1676 why writing baybayin was more common among women, as "they do not have any other way to while away the time, for it is not customary for little girls to go to school as boys do, they make better use of their characters than men, and they use them in things of devotion, and in other things that are not of devotion."[35]
The earliest printed book in a Philippine language, featuring both Tagalog in baybayin and transliterated into the Latin script, is the 1593
Baybayin was noted by the Spanish priest
In 1620, Libro a naisurátan amin ti bagás ti Doctrina Cristiana was written by Fr. Francisco Lopez, an Ilocano Doctrina the first Ilocano baybayin, based on the catechism written by Cardinal Bellarmine.[38] This is an important moment in the history of baybayin, because the krus-kudlít was introduced for the first time, which allowed writing final consonants. He commented the following on his decision:[15] "The reason for putting the text of the Doctrina in Tagalog type... has been to begin the correction of the said Tagalog script, which, as it is, is so defective and confused (because of not having any method until now for expressing final consonants - I mean, those without vowels) that the most learned reader has to stop and ponder over many words to decide on the pronunciation which the writer intended." This krus-kudlít, or virama kudlít, did not catch on among baybayin users, however. Native baybayin experts were consulted about the new invention and were asked to adopt it and use it in all their writings. After praising the invention and showing gratitude for it, they decided that it could not be accepted into their writing because "It went against the intrinsic properties and nature that God had given their writing and that to use it was tantamount to destroy with one blow all the Syntax, Prosody and Orthography of their Tagalog language."[40]
In 1703, baybayin was reported to still be in use in the Comintan (Batangas and Laguna) and other areas of the Philippines.[41]
Among the earliest literature on the orthography of
The Ticao stone inscription, also known as the
Usage
Historically, baybayin was used in Tagalog- and to a lesser extent Kapampangan-speaking areas. It spread to the Ilocanos when the Spanish distributed bibles written in baybayin. Pedro Chirino, a Spanish priest and Antonio de Morga noted in 1604 and 1609 that most Filipino men and women could read baybayin.[32] It was also noted that they did not write books or keep records, but did use baybayin for signing documents, for personal notes and messages, and for poetry.[37] During the colonial period, Filipinos began keeping paper records of their property and financial transactions, and would write down lessons they were taught in church.[15] Documents written in the native language and began to play a significant role in the judicial and legal life of the colony.[46]
Traditionally, baybayin was written upon
During the era of Spanish colonization, baybayin came to be written with ink on paper using a sharpened quill.[49] Woodblock printed books were produced to facilitate the spread of Christianity.[50] In some parts of the country, such as Mindoro the traditional writing technique has been retained.[51]
Decline
Baybayin fell out of use in much of the Philippines under Spanish rule. Learning the Latin alphabet also helped Filipinos to make socioeconomic progress, as they could rise to relatively prestigious positions such as clerks, scribes and secretaries.[15] In 1745, Sebastián de Totanés wrote in his Arte de la lengua tagala that "The Indian [Filipino] who knows how to read baybayin is now rare, and rarer still is one who knows how to write [it]. They now all read and write in our Castilian [ie Latin] letters."[3] Between 1751 and 1754, Juan José Delgado wrote that "the [native] men devoted themselves to the use of our [Latin] writing".[52] The ambiguity of vowels i/e and o/u, the lack of syllable-final consonants and of letters for some Spanish sounds may also have contributed to the decline of baybayin.
The rarity of pre-Hispanic baybayin texts has led to a common misconception that fanatical Spanish priests must have destroyed the majority native documents. Anthropologist and historian H. Otley Beyer wrote in The Philippines before Magellan (1921) that, "one Spanish priest in Southern Luzon boasted of having destroyed more than three hundred scrolls written in the native character". In fact, historians have been unable to verify Beyer's claim,[15] and there is no direct evidence of substantial destruction of documents by Spanish missionaries.[53] Hector Santos has suggested although that Spanish friars may have occasionally burned short documents such as incantations, curses and spells (deemed evil by the church) but rejected the idea that there was any systematic destruction of pre-Hispanic manuscripts.[54] Morrow also notes that there are no recorded instances of pre-Hispanic Filipinos writing on scrolls, and that the most likely reason why no pre-Hispanic documents survived is because they wrote on perishable materials such as leaves and bamboo. There are also no reports of Tagalog written scriptures, as the Filipinos kept their theological knowledge in oral form while using the Baybayin for secular purposes and talismans.[55]
The scholar Isaac Donoso claims that the documents written in the native language and in native scripts played a significant role in the judicial and legal life of the colony and noted that many colonial-era documents written in baybayin still exist in some repositories, including the library of the University of Santo Tomas.
Characteristics
Baybayin is an abugida (alphasyllabary), which means that it makes use of consonant-vowel combinations. Each character or titik,[57] written in its basic form, is a consonant ending with the vowel /a/. To produce consonants ending with other vowel sounds, a mark called a kudlít[57] is placed either above the character to change the /a/ to an /e/ or /i/, or below for an /o/ or /u/. To write words beginning with a vowel, one of the three independent vowels (a, i/e, o/u). A third kudlít, ⟨, called a sabat or krus, a ⟩virama removes a consonant's inherent a vowel, making it an independent consonant. The krus-kudlít virama was added to the original script by the Spanish priest Francisco Lopez in 1620. Later, the pamudpod virama ⟨, which has the same function, was added. Beside these phonetic considerations, the script is monocameral and does not use letter case for distinguishing proper names or words starting sentences. ⟩
a
|
i or e
|
o or u
|
||
i or e
|
o or u
|
krus-kudlít
|
pamudpod
|
ba, va
|
ka
|
da, ra
|
ga
|
ha
|
la
|
ma
|
na
|
nga
|
pa, fa
|
sa, za
|
ta
|
wa
|
ya
|
bi, vi
be, ve |
ki, ke
|
di, ri
de, re |
gi, ge
|
hi, he
|
li, le
|
mi, me
|
ni, ne
|
ngi, nge
|
pi, fi
pe, fe |
si, se
zi, ze |
ti, te
|
wi, we
|
yi, ye
|
bo, vo
bu, vu |
ko, ku
|
do, ro
du, ru |
go, gu
|
ho, hu
|
lo, lu
|
mo, mu
|
no, nu
|
ngo, ngu
|
po, fo
pu, fu |
so, zo
su, zu |
to, tu
|
wo, wu
|
yo, yu
|
IPA: /b/, /v/
|
IPA: /k/
|
IPA: /d/, /r/
|
IPA: /g/
|
IPA: /h/
|
IPA: /l/
|
IPA: /m/
|
IPA: /n/
|
IPA: /ŋ/
|
IPA: /p/, /f/
|
IPA: /s/, /z/
|
IPA: /t/
|
IPA: /w/
|
IPA: /j/
|
- ^ a b c d There is only one symbol or character for da or ra as they were allophones in many languages of the Philippines, where ra occurs in intervocalic positions and da' elsewhere.[15] Baybayin variants such as sambal, basahan, and ibalnando have separate symbols for da and ra. Shared symbols are also used to represent both pa and fa, ba and va, and sa and za which were also allophonic.
Punctuation and spacing
Baybayin originally used only one punctuation mark ( ), which was called Bantasán.
Alphabetical order
In the Doctrina Christiana, the letters of were ordered without any connection with other similar scripts, except sorting vowels before consonants as:
a, u/o, i/e; ha, pa, ka, sa, la, ta, na, ba, ma, ga, da/ra, ya, nga, wa.[60]
In Unicode the letters are ordered in a similar way to other Indic scripts, by phonetic class.
a, i/e, o/u; ka, ga, nga; ta, da/ra, na; pa, ba, ma; ya, ra, la, wa, sa, ha.[61]
Contemporary usage and revival
A number of legislative bills have been proposed periodically aiming to promote the writing system, among them is the "National Writing System Act" (House Bill 1022[62]/Senate Bill 433[63]).
There are attempts of modernizing Baybayin such as adding letters like R, C, V, Z, F, Q, and X that are not originally on the script in order to make writing modern Filipino words easier such as the word Zambales and other provinces and towns in the Philippines that have Spanish origins.[64]
Baybayin used in the most current New Generation Currency series of the Philippine peso issued in the last quarter of 2010. The word used on the bills was "Pilipino" ( ).
It is also used in Philippine passports, specifically the latest e-passport edition issued 11 August 2009 onwards. The odd pages of pages 3–43 have " " ("Ang katuwiran ay nagpapadakila sa isang bayan"/"Righteousness exalts a nation") in reference to Proverbs 14:34.
-
Philippine passport showing the Baybayin script.
-
Flag of theMagdiwang faction, with the baybayin letter ka.
-
Seal of the National Historical Commission of the Philippines, with the two Baybayin ka and pa letters in the center.
-
Logo of the National Museum of the Philippines, with a Baybayin pa letter in the center, in a traditional rounded style.
-
Logo of the Cultural Center of the Philippines, with three rotated occurrences of the Baybayin ka letter.
-
The insignia of the Order of Lakandula with the name Lakandula, in the middle, read counterclockwise from the top.
-
Logo of the National Living Treasures Award with the words Manlilikha ng Bayan.
-
The front page of the publication "Panitik Silangan", mostly printed in Baybayin, September 1963.
Derivative scripts
Bayabin's modern descendant scripts surviving modern script are the
Sample texts
Article one of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- Tagalog in Baybayin script;
- Romanized
Ang lahát ng tao'y isinilang na malayà at pantáy-pantáy sa karangalan at mga karapatán. Sila'y pinagkalooban ng katuwiran at budhî at dapat magpalagayan ang isá't isá sa diwà ng pagkákapatíran.
- English
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Motto of the Philippines
- Tagalog in Baybayin script
- Romanized
Maka-Diyós, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan, at Makabansâ.Isáng Bansâ, Isáng Diwà
- English
For God, for people, for nature, and for country. One country, one spirit.
National anthem
The first two verses of the Philippine national anthem, Lupang Hinirang.
- Tagalog in Baybayin script
- Romanized
Bayang magiliw,
Perlas ng silanganan,
Alab ng puso
Sa dibdib mo'y buhay.
Lupang hinirang,
Duyan ka ng magiting,
Sa manlulupig
Di ka pasisiil.
- International phonetic alphabet
[ˈba.jɐŋ mɐ.ˈɡi.lɪʊ̯]
[ˈpeɾ.lɐs nɐŋ sɪ.lɐ.ˈŋa.nɐn]
[ˈa.lɐb nɐŋ ˈpu.so(ʔ)]
[sa dɪb.ˈdib moɪ̯ ˈbu.haɪ̯]
[ˈlu.pɐŋ hɪ.ˈni.ɾɐŋ]
[ˈdu.jɐn k(x)ɐ nɐŋ mɐ.ˈɡi.tɪŋ]
[sa mɐn.lʊ.ˈlu.pɪg]
[ˈdi(ʔ) k(x)ɐ pɐ.sɪ.sɪ.ˈʔil]
- English
Land of the morning,
Child of the sun returning,
With fervor burning
Thee do our souls adore.
Land dear and holy,
Cradle of noble heroes,
Ne'er shall invaders
Trample thy sacred shores.
Unicode
Baybayin was added to the Unicode Standard in March, 2002 with the release of version 3.2.
Block
Baybayin is included in Unicode under the name 'Tagalog'.
Baybayin–Tagalog Unicode range: U+1700–U+171F
Tagalog[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+170x | ||||||||||||||||
U+171x | ||||||||||||||||
Notes |
Keyboard
Gboard
The virtual keyboard app Gboard developed by Google for Android and iOS devices was updated on 1 August 2019[65] its list of supported languages. This includes all Unicode suyat blocks. Included are "Buhid", "Hanunuo", baybayin as "Filipino (Baybayin)", and the Tagbanwa script as "Aborlan".[66] The baybayin layout, "Filipino (Baybayin)", is designed such that when the user presses the character, vowel markers (kudlít) for e/i and o/u, as well as the virama (vowel sound cancellation) are selectable.
Philippines Unicode Keyboard Layout with baybayin
It is possible to type baybayin directly from one's keyboard without the need to use
This keyboard layout with baybayin can be downloaded here.
See also
History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia
See multilingual support for fonts supporting Hanunó'o
Notes
References
- ^ a b Borrinaga, Rolando O. (22 September 2010). "In Focus: The Mystery of the Ancient Inscription (An Article on the Calatagan Pot)". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
- ^ Linguistic insights Archived 18 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b de Totanés, Sebastián (1745). Arte de la lenga tagalog. p. 3.
No se trata de los caracteres tagalos, porque es ya raro el indio [sic] que los sabe leer, y rarísimo el que los sabe escribir. En los nuestros castellanos leen ya, y escriben todos.
- ^ a b c Morrow, Paul (7 April 2011). "Baybayin Styles & Their Sources". paulmorrow.ca. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
- ^ Salomon 1998, p. 20.
- ^ "UST Archives". University of Santo Tomas. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
- ^ Lao, Levine (15 January 2012). "UST Collection of Ancient Scripts in 'Baybayin' Syllabary Shown to Public". Lifestyle.Inq. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
- ^ Kabuay, Kristian (16 January 2012). "UST Baybayin Collection Shown to Public". Kristian Kabuay. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
- ^ "House of Representatives Press Releases". www.congress.gov.ph. Retrieved 7 May 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Brennan, Fredrick R. (18 July 2018). "The baybayin "ra"—ᜍ its origins and a plea for its formal recognition" (PDF).
- ^ Orejas, Tonette (27 April 2018). "Protect All PH Writing Systems, Heritage Advocates Urge Congress". Inquirer.net. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
- ^ Halili 2004, p. 47.
- ^ Duka 2008, pp. 32–33.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Morrow, Paul (2002). "Baybayin: The Ancient Script of the Philippines". paulmorrow.ca.
- ^ a b de los Santos, Norman (2015). Philippine Indigenous Writing Systems in the Modern World (PDF). Presented at the "Thirteenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics". 13-ICAL – 2015, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 18 July–23, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
- ^ Acharya, Amitav (n.d.). The "Indianization of Southeast Asia" Revisited: Initiative, Adaptation and Transformation in Classical Civilizations (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2018 – via amitavacharya.com.
- ^ Coedes, George (1967). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. Australian National University Press.
- ^ Sagar 2002, p. 52.
- ^ a b Diringer 1948, p. 402.
- ^ Lukas, Helmut (n.d.). "Theories of Indianization Exemplified by Selected Case Studies from Indonesia (Insular Southeast Asia)". Working Papers: 1 – via Academia.edu.
- ^ Krom, N.J. (1927). Barabudur, Archeological Description. The Hague.
- JSTOR 3632296.
- ^ Court, Christopher (1996). "The Spread of Brahmi Script into Southeast Asia.". In Daniels, Peter T; Bright, William (eds.). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 445–449.
- ^ Philippine Indic studies: Fletcher Gardner. 2005.
- .
- ^ Diringer 1948, p. 423.
- ^ "Butuan Ivory Seal". National Museum Collections. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
- ^ Diringer 1948, pp. 421–443.
- ^ Scott 1984
- ^ Caldwell, Ian (1988). South Sulawesi AD 1300–1600: Ten Bugis Texts (PhD thesis). Australian National University. p. 17.
- ^ S2CID 162902640.
- S2CID 162984793.
- ^ de San Agustin, Caspar (1646). Conquista de las Islas Filipinas 1565-1615.
'Tienen sus letras y caracteres como los malayos, de quien los aprendieron; con ellos escriben con unos punzones en cortezas de caña y hojas de palmas, pero nunca se les halló escritura antinua alguna ni luz de su orgen y venida a estas islas, conservando sus costumbres y ritos por tradición de padres a hijos sin otra noticia alguna.'
- ^ de Santa Inés, Francisco (1676). Crónica de la provincia de San Gregorio Magno de religiosos descalzos de N. S. P. San Francisco en las Islas Filipinas, China, Japón, etc. pp. 41–42.
- ^ Miller, Christopher (2014). "A survey of indigenous scripts of Indonesia and the Philippines".
- ^ a b Scott 1984, p. 210.
- ^ a b Morrow, Paul (11 November 2002). "Baybayin Styles & Their Sources". paulmorrow.ca. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
- ^ Morrow, Paul (n.d.). "Amami - A Fragment of the Ilokano Lord's Prayer, 1620". paulmorrow.ca. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
- ^ Espallargas, Joseph G. (1974). A Study of the Ancient Philippine Syllabary with Particular Attention to Its Tagalog Version (MA thesis). Ateneo de Manila University. p. 98.
- ^ de San Agustín, Gaspar (1703). Compendio de la arte de la lengua tagala. p. 142.
Por último pondré el modo, que tenían de escribir antiguamente, y al presente lo usan en el Comintan (Provincias de la laguna y Batangas) y otras partes.
- ISBN 9780080877754.
- ^ Pardo de Tavera, T. H. (1884). Contribución para el estudio de los antiguos alfabetos filipinos (in Spanish). Losana: Imprenta de Jaunin Hermanos.
- ^ Escandor, Juan Jr (3 July 2014). "Muddied Stones Reveal Ancient Scripts". Inquirer.net. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
- ^ Borrinaga, Rolando O. (n.d.). Romancing the Ticao Stones: Preliminary Transcription, Decipherment, Translation, and Some Notes (PDF). Paper for presentation at The 1st Philippine Conference on the "Baybayin" Stones of Ticao, Masbate, 5–6 August 2011, Monreal, Masbate Province – via heritage.elizaga.net.
- ^ a b Donoso 2019, pp. 89–103: "What is important to us is the relevant activity during these centuries to study, write and even print in Baybayin. And this task is not strange in other regions of the Spanish Empire. In fact indigenous documents placed a significant role in the judicial and legal life of the colonies. Documents in other language than Spanish were legally considered, and Pedro de Castro says that "I have seen in the archives of Lipa and Batangas many documents with these characters". Nowadays we can find Baybayin documents in some repositories, including the oldest library in the country, the University of Santo Tomás."
- ^ "Filipinas Magazine". Filipinas. No. 36–44. 1995. p. 60.
- ^ Pinn, Fred (1 April 2001). "Cochin Palm Leaf Fiscals". Princely States Report. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
- ^ Chirino 1890, p. 59.
- ^ Woods, Damon L. (1992). "Tomás Pinpin and the Literate Indio: Tagalog Writing in the Early Spanish Philippines". UCLA Historical Journal. 12: 177–220.
- ^ Scott 1984.
- ^ Delgado 1892, pp. 331–333.
- ^ Santos, Hector (26 October 1996). "Extinction of a Philippine Script". A Philippine Leaf. Archived from the original on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
However, when I started looking for documents that could confirm it, I couldn't find any. I pored over historians' accounts of burnings (especially Beyer) looking for footnotes that may provide leads as to where their information came from. Sadly, their sources, if they had any, were not documented.
- ^ Santos, Hector (26 October 1996). "Extinction of a Philippine Script". A Philippine Leaf. Archived from the original on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
But if any burnings happened as a result of this order to Fr. Chirino, they would have resulted in destruction of Christian manuscripts that were not acceptable to the Church and not of ancient manuscripts that did not exist in the first place. Short documents burned? Yes. Ancient manuscripts? No.
- ^ Potet 2017, pp. 58–59: "the Tagalogs kept their theological knowledge unwritten, and only used their syllabic alphabet (Baybayin) for secular pursuits and, perhaps, talismans.".
- ^ Donoso 2019, p. 92: "Secondly, if Baybayin was not deleted but promoted and we know that Manila was becoming an important Islamic entrepôt, it is feasible to think that Baybayin was in a mutable phase in Manila area at the Spanish advent. This is to say, like in other areas of the Malay world, Jawi script and Islam were replacing Baybayin and Hindu-Buddhist culture. Namely Spaniards might have promoted Baybayin as a way to stop Islamization since the Tagalog language was moving from Baybayin to Jawi script.".
- ^ a b c Potet 2018, p. 95.
- ^ de Noceda, Juan (1754). Vocabulario de la lengua tagala. Impr. de Ramirez y Giraudier. p. 39.
- ^ "Chapter 17: Indonesia and Oceania, Philippine Scripts" (PDF). Unicode Consortium. March 2020.
- ^ "Doctrina Cristiana". Project Gutenberg.
- ^ "Unicode Baybayin Tagalog variant" (PDF).
- ^ House Bill 1022 (PDF). 4 July 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2018 – via 17th Philippine House of Representatives.
- ^ Senate Bill 433. 19 July 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2018 – via 17th Philippine Senate.
- ^ de los Santos, Norman (2014). "SAVING ENDANGERED PHILIPPINE NATIVE SCRIPTS IN A MODERN DIGITAL WORLD THROUGH TYPOGRAPHY, TECHNOLOGY, AND STANDARDIZATION" (PDF): 24.
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(help) - ^ "Baybayin in Gboard App Now Available". Techmagus. 1 August 2019. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
- ^ "Activate and Use Baybayin in Gboard". Techmagus. 1 August 2019. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
- ^ "Philippines Unicode Keyboard Layout". Techmagus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
Works cited
- Delgado, Juan José (1892). Historia General sacro-profana, política y natural de las Islas del Poniente llamadas Filipinas (in Spanish). Manila: Imp. de el Eco de Filipinas – via University of Michigan Library.
- Diringer, David (1948). The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind (Second and revised ed.). London: Hutchinson's Scientific and Technical Publications – via Archive.org.
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