Geology of Russia
The geology of Russia, the world's largest country, which extends over much of northern
The orogens within Russia belong to the Baltic Shield, the Timanides, the Urals, the Altai Mountains, the Ural-Mongolian epipaleozoic orogen and the northwestern part of the Pacific orogeny. The country's highest mountains, the Caucasus, are confined to younger orogens.
East European craton
The European part of Russia lies on the East European platform, a region up to 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) wide covered by more than 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) of
Timan Ridge
The
Timan-Pechora Basin
The
Volgo-Uralian Block
The Volgo-Uralian Block is a basement of Archean craton covered by younger sediments,[6] making up the eastern third of the East European Craton. This crystalline basement is made up of amphibolite to granulite facies,[7] mostly forming domes. Granitoids deformed into gneisses are contained. The sedimentary rocks covering these domes are of Neoproterozoic to Phanerozoic age.[8]
Caucasus Mountains
The
Deformation outside the core has mostly taken place on the southern slopes of the mountains; however, there is some deformation on the North slopes. This deformation is differentiated on the north slopes from East to West.
Caspian Basin
The
Ural orogen
The
West Siberian basin
The West Siberian basin lies between the Ural mountains and the Siberian craton to its east. It corresponds to the geographic region of the
The West Siberian basin and its offshore portions in the
Yenisey fold belt
Dividing the Siberian craton from the West Siberian basin is the Yenisey fold belt, which extends about 700 kilometres (430 mi),[22] with NW-SE strike. This belt is divided into northern and southern regions by the Angara fault which has left slip.[23] Much of the rock was formed by Neoprotozoic accretion.[22]
North of the fault, the area is made up of thrust sheets[23] divided into three primarily Neoproterozoic terranes, the East Angara, Central Angara and the Isakov.[22] Each one overrides another, and volcanism is generally limited to the Central and Isakov terranes.[24] South of the fault are the Predivinsk terrane, made of island arc accretion, and the Angara-Kan micro-craton, which is sometimes considered separate from the fold belt.[25]
Siberian craton
The Siberian craton (or West-Siberian craton) coincides with the
The Siberian craton formed in the Precambrian and is largely covered by sedimentary and volcanic rocks of more recent age. Precambrian rocks are exposed in two distinct uplifts, the Anabar massif in the northeast and the Aldanian shield in the southeast.[19] Other basement outcrops include Olenyok, Sharyzhalgay and the raised Southern Yenisei horst.[28]
Basins include the Tunguska basin, the Vilui basin (Viluiskaya-Tunguska syncline), the Low-Angara (Angara-Lena trough) basin, and the Kan-Taseeva basin.[26]
The volcanically produced Siberian Traps, the largest flood basalts of the Phanerozoic (the last 539 million years), mantle about 40 percent of the Siberian craton.[19][29]
The Siberian craton is known for its large mineral resources. The town of Norilsk is the world's largest supplier of nickel. In 2011 one-fifth of the world's production of this metal came from Russia.[30]
Verhoyansk-Chukotka collision zone
The Verhoyansk-Chukotka collision zone is commonly divided into the Verhoyansk-Kolyma and the Novosibirsk-Chukotka (or Novosibirsk-Chukchi) orogens. It stretches from the Lena river in the west to the Chukchi Peninsula in the east.[31]
Verkhoyansk-Kolyma orogen
The Verkhoyansk-Kolyma orogen is composed of three parts: the Verkhoyansk
Novosibirsk-Chukotka orogen
The Novosibirsk-Chukotka orogen lies in the northeasternmost part of Russia on the Chukchi Peninsula and also is exposed on the island of New Siberia, Anzhu Islands. The orogen is composed of metamorphic basement rocks and cover made up of shallow water sediments, deposited between the Permian and the Triassic.[32] The Chukchi massif is an outcrop of Precambrian basement that stretches to the Seward Peninsula in Alaska. The Novosibirsk-Chukotka orogen is connected under the Chukchi Sea with the Brooks fold-and-thrust belt in Alaska.[31]
Central Asian Orogenic Belt
The Central Asian Orogenic Belt is an orogen that covers much of
Baikal-Stanovoy Region
The Baikal–Stanovoy region is commonly held to be caused by various factors to account for the differing structures throughout the region. The Baikal-Stanovoy seismic belt underlies the region and is a long thin activity region. Compressive stresses dominate the eastern Stanovoy Ranges, whereas the Baikal rift zone is an extension zone.[36]
Baikal Rift Zone
The
The area was originally characterized by Precambrian and Paleozoic northeast-southwest fold and thrust belts.[38] Volcanism began in the late Cretaceous in limited areas, but is mostly limited to the Miocene. It is also the age of sedimentary rocks in some basins, and the same series lasted into the Eocene.[39] Rifting resumed beginning in the Oligocene, and is commonly held to have increased since the middle Pliocene,[38] causing the formation of basins in the form of grabens.[40] The new rift structure may follow the Precambrian and Paleozoic faults.[41] Magmatic activity and rifting may also be independent events. Outside of the grabens basalt volcanics erupted from either end of the rift system during the uplift. The grabens mostly spread without releasing magma, except the Tunka depression.[40]
Dzhugdzhur and Stanovoy Ranges
The
The Stanovoy range is composed of
The Dzhugdzhur range has a basement formed out of a block which is from the early Proterozoic. It is sometimes considered part of the Aldan Shield.[43] It contains a late Archean granulite basement.[44] This basement can be broken into two sequences, the lower is primarily a plagiogneiss-enderbite, and the upper is made up of biotite and gneisses and garnets mixed with biotite.[43]
Okhotsk-Chukotka Volcanic Belt
The Okhotsk-Chukotka Volcanic Belt stretches 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) from the settlement of Okhotsk and runs along the northern shore of the Sea of Okhotsk. In the Shelikhov Gulf the belt runs northeast across most of the Chukchi Peninsula and then bends southeast and runs along the Pacific shoreline and terminates between the peninsula and St. Lawrence Island.[45]
The Okhotsk-Chukotka Volcanic Belt was formed during the
Mineral resources found in the Okhotsk-Chukotka belt include gold, silver, tin and mercury.[46]
Pacific rim orogenies
Kuril Islands arc
The
West Kamchatka orogen
The West
Koryak orogeny
The Koryak fold and thrust belt consists of Lower Palaeozoic to Cenozoic terranes,[52] including early Carboniferous metamorphic terranes composed of folds, domes and shear zones with related high-pressure and low-temperature metamorphism.[52] The latest Jurassic to early Cretaceous (early Albian) thrusting was accompanied by dextral strike-slip faulting, and this formed imbricated (overlapping) fans of thrusts and folds with southeast vergence, creating a broken formation and serpentinite mélange. Some of the rocks were metamorphosed to blueschist. These structures are now overlapped by Upper Albian sedimentary rocks with an angular unconformity.[52] A late Cretaceous to Cenozoic deformational event characterized by significant
Sakhalin Cenozoic orogeny
The Sakhalin Cenozoic orogeny is divided into East and West zones separated by the Central Sakhalin graben. Oil and gas are associated with the North Sakhalin basin, and there are coal-bearing deposits in mountains associated with the middle Miocene.
Geology of the Russian Arctic
Kara terrane
See also
- Geography of Russia
- Stanovoy Range
- Dzhugdzhur Mountains
- Laptev Sea Rift
- Ulakhan Fault
References
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- ^ "Timan-Pechora hydrocarbon region" (PDF). Blackbourn. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-03. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
- ^ Neubauer, Franz. "Geology of Europe". Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems. Vol. 4.
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- doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2003.04.002. Archived from the original(PDF) on 15 September 2006. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
- ^ Einsele, G.; Hinderer, M. (1997). "Terrestrial Sediment yield and the lifetimes of reservoirs, lakes and larger basins" (PDF). Geol Rundsch. 86 (2): 288–310. ]
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- ^ doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.02.001. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2012-07-03.
- ^ a b Ulmishek, Gregory F. (2003). "Petroleum Geology and Resources of the West Siberian Basin, Russia" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin (2201–G): 49. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
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Further reading
- Khain, Victor E. (1985). Geology of the USSR. Berlin: Gebr. Borntraeger. p. 272. ISBN 978-3-443-11017-8.
- Khudoley, Andrei K.; Anatoly M. Nikishin (2013). Geology of Russia. Springer. ISBN 9783642051029.
- Klitzsch, von J. Dolginow und S. Kropatschjow. Dt. Bearb. von E. (1994). Abriß der Geologie Rußlands und angrenzender Staaten (in German). Stuttgart: Schweizerbart. ISBN 978-3510651580.
- Nalivkin, Dmitrij (1959). H.-J. Teschke (ed.). Kurzer Abriß der Geologie der UdSSR (in German). Akademie Verlag. p. 163.
- Lev P. Zonenshain; Michael I. Kuzmin; Lev M. Natapov; Benjamin M. Page, eds. (1990). Geology of the USSR: a plate-tectonic synthesis. Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union. ISBN 978-0875905211.
External links
- Geological maps of Russia Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation, Federal Subsoil Use Agency (Rosnedra), A.P. Karpinsky All-Russian Geological Research Institute. (in Russian) Retrieved 2018-12-19.