Haplogroup K2
Haplogroup K2 | |
---|---|
Possible time of origin | 47,000-50,000 years K |
Descendants | K2a (M2308); K2b (MPS); K2c; K2d; K2e. |
Defining mutations | rs2033003 (M526) |
Haplogroup K2, also known as K-M526 and formerly known as K(xLT) and MNOPS,
Relative to its age, the
, where they occur at high frequency.Rare subclades outside of these major lineages are known mainly from
Basal paragroup K2* has been identified among native Australians, about 27% of them carry basal K-M526∗.[5]
K2a* has been found only in
Basal paragroup K2b* has not been identified among living males but was found in Upper Paleolithic Tianyuan man from China.[8] K2b1 (P397/P399) known previously as Haplogroup MS, and Haplogroup P (P-P295), also known as K2b2 are the only primary clades of K2b.
According to geneticist Spencer Wells, haplogroup K, from which haplogroup P descend, originated in the Middle East or Central Asia. It is likely that haplogroup P diverged somewhere in South Asia into P1, which expanded into Siberia and Northern Eurasia, and into P2, which expanded into Oceania and Southeast Asia.[9]
Population geneticist Tatiana Karafet and other researchers (2014) point out that both K2b1 and P* are virtually restricted geographically to
Structure
A direct descendant of
As of 2017, the
K-M526 (K2) M526 – formerly known as K(xLT) and MNOPS
- K-M2308 (K2a) M2308 – found only in ancient remains; see above)[6]
- K-M2313 (K2a1) M2313[6]
- Q, and R
- K-P261 (K2c) P261
- K-P402 (K2d) P402
- K-M147 (K2e) M147
Distribution
At the level of highly derived subclades, K2 is almost universal in some modern Eurasian, Australasian and Native American populations. Haplogroup
A rapid diversification within and from K2 (M526), most likely in Southeast Asia, is suggested by estimates of the point in time that K2 branched off from K* (M9). Likewise the branching from K2 of K2b (P331) and Haplogroup P (K2b2 P295) from K2b, as well as Haplogroups Q and R from P (K2b2), and their subsequent expansions westward in Europe,[2] and eastward into the Americas.
K2c, K2d, and K2e are extremely rare subhaplogroups that are found in specific parts of South and Southeast Asia.[2] K2c (P261) has been reported only among males in Bali and K2d (P402) only in Java. K2e (M147), which has been found in two modern cases from South India,[2] was provisionally named "pre-NO" (among other names), as it was believed initially to be ancestral to K2a (NO). However, it was later found to be a primary branch of Haplogroup K2 (K-M526) and a sibling of K2a; the new clade was renamed K2e.
Studies published in 2014 and 2015 found that up to 27% of
Naming
The name K2 was introduced in 2014, following dissatisfaction with the previous names.
K(xLT), the name introduced by the Y Chromosome Consortium in 2012 to replace MNOPS, was controversial. Under the previous methodology, a term such as "K(xLT)" designated all clades and subclades that belonged to K, but did not belong to Haplogroup LT; the haplogroups subordinate to MNOPS would likely have been renamed "U", "V", "W" and "X", and MNOPS would therefore have become "MNOPSUVWX". This posed a problem, because there was no way to disambiguate between "K(xLT)" in the broad and narrow meanings of the term.
Footnotes
- PMID 25341783.
- ^ PMID 24896152.
- PMID 32666166.
- PMID 19920170.
- PMID 26923783.
- ^ PMID 27111036.
- ^ a b c d e f g YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335" (9 December 2017); PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (9 December 2017); GeneticHomeland.com, 2016, DNA Marker Index Chromosome Y V4208 (9 December 2017).
- ^ "Downloadable genotypes of present-day and ancient DNA data (compiled from published papers) | David Reich Lab". reich.hms.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
- ISBN 978-1-4262-0211-7. "Given the widespread distribution of K, it probably arose somewhere in the Middle East or Central Asia, perhaps in the region of Iran or Pakistan."
- ^ Karafet et al. 2015"This pattern leads us to hypothesize a southeastern Asian origin for P-P295 and a later expansion of the ancestor of subhaplogroups R and Q into mainland Asia. An alternative explanation would involve an extinction event of ancestral P-P295* chromosomes everywhere in Asia. These scenarios are equally parsimonious. They involve either a migration event (P* chromosomes from Indonesia to mainland Asia) or an extinction event of P-P295* paragroup in Eurasia."
- ^ "ISOGG 2018 Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree Trunk". www.isogg.org.
- PMID 26515539.