Southern Cone

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"Cono Sur" redirects here. For the area of Lima, see Cono Sur (Lima). For the region of Cochabamba, see Cono Sur (Cochabamba). For the vineyards and winery, see Cono Sur Vineyards & Winery. For the congregation of monasteries, see Cono-Sur Congregation.
Southern Cone
  Countries always included in all definitions
  Areas sometimes included
  Federative units of Brazil not included
Area5,712,034 km2 (2,205,429 sq mi)
Population135,707,204 (July 2010 est.)
Density27.45/km2 (71.1/sq mi)[1]
Countries
3–4
Territories
LanguagesSpanish, Portuguese, Italian, English, German, Aymara, Guaraní, Mapudungun, and Quechuan
DemonymSouth American
Largest cities

The Southern Cone (Spanish: Cono Sur, Portuguese: Cone Sul) is a geographical and cultural subregion composed of the southernmost areas of South America, mostly south of the Tropic of Capricorn. Traditionally, it covers Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the east by the Atlantic Ocean. In terms of social, economic and political geography, the Southern Cone comprises Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, and sometimes includes Brazil's four southernmost states (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo). In its broadest definition, taking into account common history and geography, it also includes Paraguay, another Spanish-speaking[note 4] country.[2]

The Southern Cone is the

Korean peninsula and Japan.[2][3]

Geography and extent

Köppen Climate Zone Classification map of Uruguay, Argentina, Chile and Falkland Islands

The climates are mostly temperate, but include humid subtropical, Mediterranean, highland tropical, maritime temperate, sub-Antarctic temperate, highland cold, desert and semi-arid temperate regions. Except for the northern regions of Argentina (thermal equator in January), the whole country of Paraguay, the Argentina-Brazil border and the interior of the Atacama Desert, the region rarely suffers from heat. In addition to that, the winter presents mostly cool temperatures. Strong and constant wind and high humidity are what brings low temperatures in the winter. The Atacama is the driest place on Earth.

One of the most peculiar plants of the region is the

prairies region of central Argentina, Uruguay and southern Brazil is known as the Pampas
.

Central Chile has

Mediterranean vegetation and a Mediterranean climate, grading southward into an oceanic climate. The Atacama, Patagonian and Monte deserts form a diagonal of arid lands separating the woodlands, croplands and pastures of La Plata basin from Central and Southern Chile. Apart from the desert diagonal, the north–south running Andes form a major divide in the Southern Cone and constitute, for most of its part in the southern cone, the Argentina–Chile border. In the east the river systems of the La Plata
basin form natural barriers and sea lanes between Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.

Image gallery

Brazil

Köppen climate classification of South Brazil and São Paulo.

Southern Brazil has a

subtropical climate (Cfa). In areas of high altitude, the average temperature is below 18 °C (64 °F). Oceanic (Cfb and Cwb) on the coast, the climate is of a super-humid tropical type (Af), without a dry season. The tropical climate of altitude (Cwa), predominant in the state territory, specifically in the center, is characterized by a temperature above 22 °C (72 °F) in the hottest month of the year. The occurrence of snow is rare, but has been recorded in Campos do Jordão and there are also reports that the phenomenon has occurred in several parts of the south.[citation needed
]

Average temperatures for some urban areas of the Southern Cone
Location January April July October
Buenos Aires[4] 30.1 °C (86.2 °F)
20.1 °C (68.2 °F) 		22.9 °C (73.2 °F)
13.8 °C (56.8 °F) 		15.4 °C (59.7 °F)
7.4 °C (45.3 °F) 		22.6 °C (72.7 °F)
13.3 °C (55.9 °F)
Santiago de Chile[5]
 30.1 °C (86.2 °F)
13.4 °C (56.1 °F) 		22.3 °C (72.1 °F)
6.5 °C (43.7 °F) 		14.3 °C (57.7 °F)
1.6 °C (34.9 °F) 		22.8 °C (73.0 °F)
8.4 °C (47.1 °F)
Montevideo 28.1 °C (82.6 °F)
18.0 °C (64.4 °F) 		21.7 °C (71.1 °F)
12.9 °C (55.2 °F) 		14.6 °C (58.3 °F)
6.9 °C (44.4 °F) 		20.3 °C (68.5 °F)
11.5 °C (52.7 °F)
Córdoba 31.1 °C (88.0 °F)
18.1 °C (64.6 °F) 		24.9 °C (76.8 °F)
12.3 °C (54.1 °F) 		18.5 °C (65.3 °F)
5.5 °C (41.9 °F) 		26.1 °C (79.0 °F)
12.6 °C (54.7 °F)
Valparaiso
 21.4 °C (70.5 °F)
13.5 °C (56.3 °F) 		18.3 °C (64.9 °F)
11.4 °C (52.5 °F) 		14.3 °C (57.7 °F)
9.2 °C (48.6 °F) 		17.0 °C (62.6 °F)
10.5 °C (50.9 °F)
Concepción 22.8 °C (73.0 °F)
10.9 °C (51.6 °F) 		18.3 °C (64.9 °F)
8.1 °C (46.6 °F) 		13.2 °C (55.8 °F)
5.8 °C (42.4 °F) 		17.2 °C (63.0 °F)
7.4 °C (45.3 °F)
Mar del Plata 26.3 °C (79.3 °F)
14.3 °C (57.7 °F) 		20.5 °C (68.9 °F)
9.1 °C (48.4 °F) 		13.1 °C (55.6 °F)
3.8 °C (38.8 °F) 		18.5 °C (65.3 °F)
7.6 °C (45.7 °F)
Neuquén 32.0 °C (89.6 °F)
16.2 °C (61.2 °F) 		22.0 °C (71.6 °F)
7.0 °C (44.6 °F) 		12.2 °C (54.0 °F)
0.0 °C (32.0 °F) 		23.4 °C (74.1 °F)
8.2 °C (46.8 °F)
Iquique 25.3 °C (77.5 °F)
19.2 °C (66.6 °F) 		22.7 °C (72.9 °F)
16.9 °C (62.4 °F) 		18.0 °C (64.4 °F)
14.0 °C (57.2 °F) 		20.1 °C (68.2 °F)
15.4 °C (59.7 °F)
Bariloche
 21.4 °C (70.5 °F)
6.5 °C (43.7 °F) 		14.8 °C (58.6 °F)
1.8 °C (35.2 °F) 		6.4 °C (43.5 °F)
−1.3 °C (29.7 °F) 		13.9 °C (57.0 °F)
1.3 °C (34.3 °F)
Ushuaia 13.9 °C (57.0 °F)
5.4 °C (41.7 °F) 		9.6 °C (49.3 °F)
2.3 °C (36.1 °F) 		4.2 °C (39.6 °F)
−1.7 °C (28.9 °F) 		10.5 °C (50.9 °F)
2.3 °C (36.1 °F)
Porto Alegre 30.2 °C (86.4 °F)
20.5 °C (68.9 °F) 		25.2 °C (77.4 °F)
16.3 °C (61.3 °F) 		19.4 °C (66.9 °F)
10.7 °C (51.3 °F) 		24.4 °C (75.9 °F)
15.0 °C (59.0 °F)
Planisphere of moderate latitudes in which the equivalent location of most of the Southern Cone can be observed as if it was in the Northern Hemisphere. The highest latitudes of the Southern Cone overlap among others with Southeast Alaska in North America, Ireland, England, the Netherlands, Northern Germany, Poland and Belarus in Europe, and the Altai Mountains and Lake Baikal, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands in Asia.

Culture

Mate
, as shown in the picture, is a typical beverage from the Southern Cone.

Besides sharing languages and colonial heritage, the residents of the states of the Southern Cone are avid players and fans of

football, with top-notch teams competing in the sport. Argentina has won the FIFA World Cup three times, while Uruguay has won the cup twice; they are the only national teams along with Brazil outside Europe to have won the cup. Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and Brazil have all hosted the World Cup. Additionally, national teams from the region have won several Olympic medals in football. Also, football clubs from the Southern Cone countries have won large numbers of club competitions in South-American competitions, Pan-American competitions, and world-FIFA Club World Cup-level
competitions.

The

Mate
is popular throughout the Southern Cone.

In this area, there was extensive European immigration during the 19th- and 20th-centuries, who, with their descendants, have strongly influenced the culture, social life and politics of these countries. Immigration reshaped the modern-day societies of Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, countries where the influx of newcomers was massive.

In a social survey, residents rated their countries as 'good places for gay or lesbian people to live;' the following percentages said 'yes' in Uruguay (71%), Argentina (68%), Brazil (68%), and Chile (52%). By contrast, fewer people in the following countries agreed: Bolivia (31%) and Peru (35%).[6]

Language

The overwhelming majority, including those of recent immigrant background, speak Spanish (in Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay) or Portuguese in the case of Southern Brazil. The Spanish-speaking countries of the Southern Cone are divided into two main dialects:

  • Rosario, and Montevideo had a massive influx of Italian immigrant settlers from the mid-19th until mid-20th centuries. Researchers note that the development of this dialect is a relatively recent phenomenon, developing at the beginning of the 20th century with the main wave of Italian immigration.[7]
  • Castellano Chileno (Chilean Spanish)

These dialects share common traits, such as a number of

Quechua
words.

Minor languages and dialects include Cordobés, Cuyo, and Portuñol, a hybrid between Rioplatense and Brazilian Portuguese that is spoken in Uruguay on the border with Brazil.

Native American languages

Some

Misiones.[8]

Non-Iberian immigrant languages

immigrants in the Patagonia
region of Argentina.

Southern Brazil, and São Paulo
where immigrants had settled. German, in various dialects, is mostly spoken in Southern Chile and Southern Brazil. As well as in the Chaco (Paraguay) by Mennonites.[4] It is the second most spoken mother tongue in Brazil.[9][10][11]
Chilean Patagonia
, reflecting patterns of immigration and settlement.

Yiddish can be heard mainly in Buenos Aires, Argentina and São Paulo, Brazil.

In Brazil,

immigrant communities in the states of São Paulo and Paraná
.

Selected words in the dialects of Southern Cone countries

Below there are selected words to show the similarities in vocabulary in the dialects of the countries of the Southern Cone.

Argentina
 Brazil Chile Paraguay Uruguay
apricot damasco damasco damasco damasco damasco
cashew castaña de cajú castanha de caju castaña de cajú castaña de cajú castaña de cajú
cell phone
 celular celular celular celular celular
computer computadora computador computador computadora computadora
parking lot estacionamiento estacionamento estacionamiento estacionamiento estacionamiento

Below there are selected words to show vocabulary in the dialects of the countries of the Southern Cone and other Spanish-speaking countries in South America and the dialect of Portuguese spoken in Brazil.

Argentina
 Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela
apartment departamento departamento apartamento departamento apartamento departamento departamento departamento apartamento apartamento
artichoke alcaucil alcachofa alcachofra alcachofa alcachofa alcachofa alcachofa alcachofa alcaucil alcachofa
avocado palta palta abacate palta aguacate aguacate aguacate palta palta aguacate
banana banana plátano banana plátano banano banano banana plátano banana cambur
bean poroto frijol feijão poroto fríjol frijol poroto frijol poroto caraota
bell pepper morrón pimiento pimentão pimentón pimentón pimiento locote pimiento morrón pimientón
butter manteca mantequilla manteiga mantequilla mantequilla mantequilla manteca mantequilla manteca mantequilla
car auto auto carro auto carro auto auto auto auto carro
corn on
the cob		 choclo choclo espiga de
milho		 choclo mazorca choclo choclo choclo choclo jojoto
drinking straw pajita bombilla canudo pajita pitillo sorbete pajita sorbete pajita pitillo
earring aro arete brinco aro arete arete aro arete caravana zarcillo
grapefruit pomelo pomelo toranja pomelo toronja toronja pomelo toronja pomelo toronja
green bean chaucha vainita vagem poroto verde habichuela vainita chaucha vainita chaucha vainita
jacket campera chamarra jaqueta chaqueta chaqueta chompa campera casaca campera chaqueta
kitchen stove cocina cocina fogão cocina estufa cocina cocina cocina cocina estufa
papaya papaya papaya mamão papaya papaya papaya mamón papaya papaya lechosa
pea arveja arveja ervilha arveja arveja arveja arveja arevja arveja guisante
peanut maní maní amendoim maní maní maní maní maní maní maní
popcorn pochoclo pipocas pipoca cabritas crispetas/
maíz pira		 pororó pororó canguil pop/pororó cotufas
sneakers zapatillas tenis tênis zapatillas tenis zapatillas championes zapatillas championes gomas
socks
 medias medias meias calcetines medias medias medias medias medias medias
sweet potato batata camote batata doce camote batata camote batata camote boniato batata
swimming pool pileta piscina piscina piscina piscina piscina pileta piscina piscina piscina
t-shirt remera polera camiseta polera camiseta camiseta remera polo remera franela
washing
machine		 lavarropas lavadora máquina de
lavar roupa		 lavadora lavadora lavadora lavarropas lavadora lavarropas lavadora

Religion

A history of Catholicism has left landmarks like the Churches of Chiloé (pictured) in the Southern Cone

Like the rest of Latin America, most residents of the Southern Cone are members of the

Jewish
communities have thrived in cities of Argentina and Uruguay.

While the Southern Cone has been conservative in some aspects of religion, it has had a tradition of social reform and

secular countries in the Americas.[13] Uruguay, Chile and Argentina, in that order, have the least religious residents in South America, according to their responses about the significance of religion in their lives. According to the Pew Research Center, 28% of Uruguayans, 43% of Argentines, and 41% of Chileans think of religion 'very important in their lives,' contrasting with the higher values given by the residents of countries such as Peru (72%), Colombia (77%) and Ecuador (76%).[14]

The Southern Cone produced the first pope from the Western Hemisphere, Pope Francis, elected in 2013, born in Buenos Aires, Argentina.[15]

Religion in the Southern Cone
Area Catholic (%) Protestant (%) Irreligious (%) Others
Unspecified (%) Source
Argentina Argentina 62.9 15.3 18.9 2.6 0.3 [16]
Chile Chile 42.0 14.0 37.0 6.0 0.0 [17]
Paraná (state) Paraná, Brazil 69.6 22.2 4.6 3.6 0.0 [18][19]
Rio Grande do Sul Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 68.8 18.3 5.3 5.2 0.0 [18][19]
Santa Catarina (state) Santa Catarina, Brazil 73.1 20.4 3.2 3.3 0.0 [18][19]
São Paulo (state) São Paulo, Brazil 60.1 24.1 8.1 7.7 0.0 [18][19]
Uruguay Uruguay 42.0 15.0 37.0 6.0 0.0 [14]

Countries

Country Area
(km2) 		Population
(2020)[20] 		Population density
(per km2) 		HDI (2019)[21] Capital
Argentina Argentina 2,780,092 (3,761,274) 45,195,774 16.26 (12.02) 0,845
(very high) 		Buenos Aires
Chile Chile 756,102 (2,006,360) 19,116,201 25.28 (9.53) 0.851
(very high) 		Santiago
Uruguay Uruguay 176,215 3,473,730 19.71 0.817
(very high) 		Montevideo
Total 3,712,409 (5,943,849) 67,785,705 18.26 (11.40) 0,845
(very high)

Inclusion of other regions

Brazil

Brazil, being a country of continental dimensions, presents great internal regional differences. While its 4 southernmost states (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo) share characteristics with Argentina, and Uruguay (high standard of living, subtropical and temperate climate, high levels of industrialization and strong European ethnic component due to immigration), the other states are more similar to the other South American countries in these issues.

In relation to

Arabian peninsula, southern Iran, northern India and the southern China
.

For these reasons, Brazil is included in some meanings when speaking in Southern Cone, but excluded in others.

When the definition is not limited to entire countries, the states of the South Region and the state of São Paulo are generally included.

State Area
(km2)[22] 		Population
(2019)[22] 		Population density
(per km2) 		HDI (2017)[21] Capital
Paraná (state) Paraná 199,314 11.434.000 59.80 0.796
(high) 		Curitiba
Rio Grande do Sul Rio Grande do Sul 291,748 11.378.000 39.10 0.792
(high) 		Porto Alegre
Santa Catarina (state) Santa Catarina 95,346 7.165.000 71.18 0.808
(very high) 		Florianópolis
São Paulo (state) São Paulo 248,222 45,920,000 95.83 0.826
(very high) 		São Paulo
Total 834,630 75.897.000 90.35 0.806
(very high)

Paraguay

Due to the geographical proximity, common history, geography and political cycles, Paraguay is usually included in what is meant by Southern Cone. However, it contrasts strongly with other countries by being a landlocked country.

Paraguay was defeated in the bloody Paraguayan war, which Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay participated, which in a way produced an important decline in its economy and its quality of life for a long time, though in the last few years this has been changing partly due to the political and macro-economical stability the country has experienced since the early 2000s.

Demography

Main article: Demographics of the Southern Cone
Population density of the Southern Cone by first-level national administrative divisions. Population/km2
View of the Southern Cone at night, where there are population densities in the accumulation of light from cities.
Major agglomerations of the Southern Cone

The population of Argentina, Chile and Uruguay is 40, 16.8 and 3.6 million respectively.

Santiago, Chile has 6.4 million. Uruguay's capital and largest city, Montevideo, has 1.8 million, and it receives many visitors on ferry boats across the Río de la Plata
from Buenos Aires, 50 km (31 mi) away.

By contrast, the Patagonia region of southern Chile and Argentina is very sparsely populated, with a population density of less than two people per square kilometer.

Ethnicity

Ethnic map of Argentina and Uruguay.

The population of the Southern Cone has been strongly influenced by waves of immigration from

People of European descent, make up 85% of the total population of Argentina, 88% of total population of Uruguay and 65% of the total population of Chile.[23][24][25][26] In São Paulo, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, and Santa Catarina self-identified white people are 61.3%; 70.0%; 82.3%; and 86.8% of the population respectively, with people of Italian,Polish and German ancestry predominating.[27][28][29]

São Paulo city being the most populous city with Italian ancestry in the world,[35] of the 10 million inhabitants of São Paulo city, 60% (6 million people) have full or partial Italian ancestry (the largest city of Italy is Rome, with 2.5 million inhabitants).[36][37] Small towns, such as Nova Veneza, have as much as 95% of their population of Italian descent.[38]

The region also has a large German diaspora (second largest after the United States),[39] with People of German descent being 25% of the population of Rio Grande do Sul and 35% of the population of Santa Catarina.[40][41]

Asians (1.0%), mostly in Argentina, the remaining 1.2%.[42]

There is also a strong

Palestinian community in Chile is considered the largest outside the Arab world.[48]

Genetic and historical roots

Since interethnic marriages are widespread in Latin America, complex ethnic classifications emerged, including more than a dozen of "racial" categories created in 18th century Hispanic America, with notorious examples being castizo, morisco and cambujo. In Brazil, about 190 "racial" categories were detected by the Census of 1976.[49]

Blacks made up 25% of the population of Buenos Aires in 1810, 1822 and 1838. In 1887, the government decided to cease asking Argentine citizens about their race. According to Laura López, it was a way to "hide" the Black population, not only from the Census, but also from public opinion.[50][51] Chile does not ask its citizens about race, but a study from the University of Chile concluded that Whites make 60% of the Chilean population,[52] while the CIA World Factbook described 88.4% of the population as white and mestizo.[53]

A study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist Daniel Corach, has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed of 79% different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities), 18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups, in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was Indigenous.[54][55] An autosomal DNA study from 2009 found the composition of the Argentine population to be 78.5% European, 17.3% Amerindian, and 4.2%

Sub-Saharan African (SSA).[54]

A DNA study from 2009, published in the American Journal of Human Biology, showed the genetical composition of Uruguay to be mainly European, but with Native American (which varies from 1% to 20% in different parts of the country) and also SSA (7% to 15% in different parts of the country).[56]

An autosomal DNA study from 2014 found the Chilean population to be 44.34% (± 3.9%) Native American, 51.85% (± 5.44%) European and 3.81% (± 0.45%) African.[57]

In the case of Chile,"The use of mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome" test results show the following: The European component is predominant (91.0%, versus 9.0% of the aboriginal one) in the Chilean upper class,[58] the middle classes, 66.8%-62.3% European component[58][59] and 37.7%-33.2 of mixed aboriginal[58][60] and lower classes at 55–52.9% European component[58][59] and 47.1%-45% mix of Aboriginal.[58][59]

Similar to the rest of Latin America, the genetic ancestry of the population of the Southern Cone reflects the history of the continent: the Iberian colonizers were mostly men who arrived without women. In consequence, they had children with the local Indigenous or enslaved African women. European immigration to this part of the world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (massive in Argentina, Uruguay, and

Germans and Poles in southern Brazil.[63]

Education and standards of living

The other conspicuous characteristic of the Southern Cone is its relatively high standard of living and quality of life. Chile's, Argentina's, and Uruguay's HDIs — (0.860), (0.849) and (0.830) — are the highest in Latin America, similar to countries in Eastern Europe, such as Slovakia, Hungary or Romania.[64] Uruguay, where illiteracy technically does not exist, reaches the same level in this area, even considering that it faces restrictions to its industrial and economic growth. The Southern Cone is the most prosperous macro-region in Latin America. It has a high life expectancy, and access to health care and education.[65] From an economic and liberal point of view the region has been praised for its significant participation in the global markets, and its "emerging economy" profile.[65] More troubling are high levels of income inequality.[66]

Summary of socio-economic performance indicators for Latin American countries
Country GDP per
capita
(PPP)[67]
(2015 estimates)
USD 		Income
equality
Gini index
 Human
Develop.[69]
(2014 estimates)
HDI 		Environmental
Perform.[70]
(2014)
EPI
Failed States Index[71]

2014		 Lack of Corruption[72]
2014		 Economic Freedom
2015		 Peace
2014
Democracy[73]

2010
Brazil 15,518 52.7 0.759 (H) 52.9 64.8 43 56.6 2.073 7.12
Central America[note 5] 10,502 49.7 0.678 (M) 51.0 68.8 37 62.2 2.058 6.45
Mexico 18,714 48.1 0.774 (H) 55.0 71.1 35 66.4 2.500 6.91
South America[note 6] 11,955 47.5 0.715 (H) 50.3 76.7 31 55.0 2.233 6.01
Southern Cone[note 7] 22,493 45.2 0.820 (VH) 57.7 42.4 60 1.648 7.60 7.84

Politics

See also: Politics of Argentina, Politics of Chile, and Politics of Uruguay

During the second half of 20th century, these countries were in some periods ruled by

right-wing juntas
, military nationalistic dictatorships. Around the 1970s, these regimes collaborated in
leftist opposition, including urban guerrillas.[74]
However, by the early 1980s Argentina and Uruguay restored their democracies; Chile followed suit in 1990.

Governments

Timeline of presidents

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ a b c d e Sometimes included.
  2. ^ Sometimes included. A disputed territory administered by the United Kingdom, claimed by Argentina as the Islas Malvinas.
  3. ^ Sometimes included. A disputed territory administered by the United Kingdom, claimed by Argentina.
  4. ^ Spanish and Guaraní are co-official in Paraguay, with the vast majority of the population being bilingual.
  5. ^ Excluding Belize.
  6. ^ Excluding the ABC countries, the Falkland Islands, The Guianas, and Uruguay.
  7. ^ Excluding the Falkland Islands, Paraguay, São Paulo State, and South Brazil.

References

  1. ^ This North American density figure is based on a total land area of 4,944,081 sq km
  2. ^
    S2CID 42956310
    .
  3. ISBN 978-0-415-93735-1
    .
  4. ^ a b "Servicio Meteorológico Nacional". smn.gov.ar.
  5. ^ Lazcano, Luis. "Climatología". 164.77.222.61. Archived from the original on 2016-09-16. Retrieved 2015-05-25.
  6. Gallup
    . Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  7. ^
    S2CID 56111230
    .
  8. ^ "Official languages include indigenous" Archived 2012-02-20 at the Wayback Machine, IPS News
  9. ^ "Hunsrückish". Ethnologue. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  10. ^ "Standard German". Ethnologue. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  11. ^ "Olivet Second Most Spoken Languages Around the World". olivet.edu. 7 April 2015. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  12. ^ Analysis (19 December 2011). "Global Christianity". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  13. ^ Latin American Area Studies: Uruguay Archived 2010-07-14 at the Wayback Machine, University of Minnesota
  14. ^ a b "Religion in Latin America, Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region". Pew Research Center. 13 November 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  15. ^ Stefon, Matt (14 September 2023). "Francis". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  16. ^ Segunda Encuesta Nacional Sobre Creencias y Actitudes Religiosas en Argentina 2019
  17. ^ "Population 15 years of age or older, by religion, region, sex and age groups. (censused population)" (PDF) (in Spanish). 7 September 2015. Archived from the original (.pdf) on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
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External links
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