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Coordinates: 40°N 100°W / 40°N 100°W / 40; -100 (United States of America)
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see America (disambiguation), US (disambiguation), USA (disambiguation), The United States of America (disambiguation), and United States (disambiguation).


United States of America
 
Flag
Motto: 
Other traditional mottos:[2]
  • "
    Latin
    )
    "Out of many, one"
  • "
    Latin
    )
    "Providence favors our undertakings"
  • "
    Latin
    )
    "New order of the ages"
Anthem: "
Ethnic groups
(2020)[6][7][8]
By race:
By Hispanic or Latino origin:
Religion
(2021)
Government
Federal presidential constitutional republic
• President
Joe Biden (D)
Kamala Harris (D)
Nancy Pelosi (D)
John Roberts
Legislature
Confederation
March 1, 1781 (1781-03-01)
September 3, 1783 (1783-09-03)
June 21, 1788 (1788-06-21)
August 21, 1959 (1959-08-21)
Population
• 2021 estimate
Neutral increase 331,893,745[d][13]
• 2020 census
331,449,281[e][14] (3rd)
• Density
87/sq mi (33.6/km2) (185th)
GDP (PPP)2022 estimate
• Total
Increase $25.35 trillion[15] (2nd)
• Per capita
Increase $76,027[15] (9th)
GDP (nominal)2022 estimate
• Total
Increase $25.35 trillion[15] (1st)
• Per capita
Increase $76,027[15] (8th)
Gini (2020)Negative increase 48.9[16]
high
HDI (2019)Increase 0.926[17]
very high (17th)
CurrencyU.S. dollar ($) (USD)
Time zoneUTC−4 to −12, +10, +11
• Summer (DST)
UTC−4 to −10[f]
Date formatmm/dd/yyyy[g]
Driving sideright[h]
Calling code+1
ISO 3166 codeUS

The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a

Bahamas, Cuba, and Russia, among others.[j] With more than 331 million people,[d] it is the third most populous country in the world. The national capital is Washington, D.C., and the most populous city and financial center is New York City
.

Paleo-Indians

12,000 years ago, and European colonization began in the 16th century. The United States emerged from the Thirteen British Colonies established along the East Coast. Disputes with Great Britain over taxation and political representation led to the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), which established the nation's independence. In the late 18th century, the U.S. began expanding across North America, gradually obtaining new territories, sometimes through war, frequently displacing Native Americans, and admitting new states. This was strongly related to belief in manifest destiny, and by 1848, the United States spanned the continent from east to west. Slavery was legal in the southern United States until 1865, when the American Civil War led to its abolition. A century later, the civil rights movement led to legislation outlawing racial discrimination against African Americans. The Spanish–American War and World War I established the U.S. as a world power, and the aftermath of World War II left the United States and the Soviet Union as the world's two superpowers. During the Cold War, both countries opposed each other in the Korean and Vietnam Wars but avoided direct military conflict. They also competed in the Space Race, which culminated in the 1969 American spaceflight that first landed humans on the Moon. The Soviet Union's dissolution in 1991 ended the Cold War, leaving the United States as the world's sole superpower. The September 11 attacks in 2001 resulted in the United States launching the war on terror, which included the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) and the Iraq War
(2003–2011).

The United States is a

economic freedom, quality of life, income and wealth, education, and human rights; and it has low levels of perceived corruption. It lacks universal health care, retains capital punishment, and has high levels of incarceration and inequality
.

The United States is a highly

global military spending, it is the foremost military power in the world and a leading political, cultural, and scientific
force.

Etymology

Further information:
Names for United States citizens, and American (word)

The first known use of the name "America" dates to 1507, when it appeared on a world map produced by the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller in the French city of Saint-Dié-des-Vosges. On his map, the name is shown in large letters on what would now be considered South America, honoring Amerigo Vespucci. The Italian explorer was the first to postulate that the West Indies did not represent Asia's eastern limit but were part of a previously unknown landmass.[26][27] In 1538, the Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator used the name "America" to the entire Western Hemisphere.[28]

The first documentary evidence of the phrase "United States of America" dates from a January 2, 1776 letter written by Stephen Moylan to Joseph Reed, George Washington's aide-de-camp. Moylan expressed his wish to go "with full and ample powers from the United States of America to Spain" to seek assistance in the revolutionary war effort.[29][30][31] The first known publication of the phrase "United States of America" was in an anonymous essay in The Virginia Gazette newspaper in Williamsburg, on April 6, 1776.[32]

The second draft of the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, prepared by John Dickinson and completed no later than June 17, 1776, declared "The name of this Confederation shall be the 'United States of America'."[33] The final version of the Articles, sent to the states for ratification in late 1777, stated that "The Stile of this Confederacy shall be 'The United States of America'."[34] In June 1776, Thomas Jefferson wrote the phrase "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" in all capitalized letters in the headline of his "original Rough draught" of the Declaration of Independence.[33] This draft of the document did not surface until June 21, 1776, and it is unclear whether it was written before or after Dickinson used the term in his June 17 draft of the Articles of Confederation.[33]

The phrase "United States" was originally plural in American usage. It described a collection of states—e.g., "the United States are..." The singular form became popular after the end of the Civil War and is now standard usage. A citizen of the United States is called an "American". "United States", "American", and "U.S." refer to the country adjectivally ("American values", "U.S. forces"). In English, the word "American" rarely refers to topics or subjects not directly connected with the United States.[35]

History

Main article: History of the United States
For a topical guide, see
Outline of United States history
.

Indigenous peoples and pre-Columbian history

Further information: Native Americans in the United States, Prehistory of the United States, and Pre-Columbian era
Aerial view of the Cliff Palace
The Cliff Palace, built by the Ancestral Puebloans between AD 1190 and 1260

It is generally accepted that the

Bering land bridge and arrived at least 12,000 years ago; however, some evidence suggests an even earlier date of arrival.[36][37][38] The Clovis culture, which appeared around 11,000 BC, is believed to represent the first wave of human settlement of the Americas.[39][40] This was likely the first of three major waves of migration into North America; later waves brought the ancestors of present-day Athabaskans, Aleuts, and Eskimos.[41]

Over time, indigenous cultures in North America grew increasingly complex, and some, such as the pre-Columbian

Haudenosaunee, located in the southern Great Lakes region, was established at some point between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries.[45] Most prominent along the Atlantic coast were the Algonquian tribes, who practiced hunting and trapping, along with limited cultivation.[clarification needed
]

Estimating the native population of North America during European contact is difficult.

Florida peninsula.[46][47]

European settlements

Further information: Colonial history of the United States
Mayflower II, a replica of the original Mayflower, docked at Plymouth, Massachusetts

Claims of very early colonization of

1493 voyage, and San Juan was settled by the Spanish a decade later.[49] The Spanish set up the first settlements in Florida and New Mexico, such as Saint Augustine, often considered the nation's oldest city,[50] and Santa Fe. The French established their own settlements along the Mississippi River, notably New Orleans.[51]

Successful

native population of America declined after European arrival for various reasons,[57][58][59] primarily from diseases such as smallpox and measles.[60][61]

In the early days of colonization, many European settlers were subject to food shortages, disease, and attacks from Native Americans. Native Americans were also often fighting neighboring tribes and European settlers. In many cases, however, the natives and settlers came to depend on each other. Settlers traded for food and animal pelts; natives for guns, tools and other European goods.[62] Natives taught many settlers to cultivate corn, beans, and other foodstuffs. European missionaries and others felt it was important to "civilize" the Native Americans and urged them to adopt European agricultural practices and lifestyles.[63][64] However, with the increased European colonization of North America, Native Americans were displaced and often killed during conflicts.[65]

Map of the U.S. showing the original Thirteen Colonies along the eastern seaboard
The original Thirteen Colonies (shown in red) in 1775

European settlers also began

treatment, slaves had a much higher life expectancy in North America than in South America, leading to a rapid increase in their numbers.[67][68] Colonial society was largely divided over the religious and moral implications of slavery, and several colonies passed acts for or against the practice.[69][70] However, by the turn of the 18th century, African slaves had supplanted European indentured servants as cash crop labor, especially in the American South.[71]

The Thirteen Colonies[k] that would become the United States of America were administered by the British as overseas dependencies.[72] All nonetheless had local governments with elections open to most free men.[73] With very high birth rates, low death rates, and steady settlement, the colonial population grew rapidly, eclipsing Native American populations.[74] The Christian revivalist movement of the 1730s and 1740s known as the Great Awakening fueled interest both in religion and in religious liberty.[75]

During the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), known in the U.S. as the French and Indian War, British forces captured Canada from the French. With the creation of the Province of Quebec, Canada's francophone population would remain isolated from the English-speaking colonial dependencies of Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and the Thirteen Colonies. Excluding the Native Americans who lived there, the Thirteen Colonies had a population of over 2.1 million in 1770, about a third that of Britain. Despite continuing new arrivals, the rate of natural increase was such that by the 1770s only a small minority of Americans had been born overseas.[76] The colonies' distance from Britain had allowed the development of self-government, but their unprecedented success motivated British monarchs to periodically seek to reassert royal authority.[77]

Independence and expansion

Further information: American Revolution and Territorial evolution of the United States
Declaration of Independence, a painting by John Trumbull, depicts the Committee of Five presenting the draft of the Declaration to the Continental Congress
, June 28, 1776.

The

modern history. Americans had developed an ideology of "republicanism", asserting that government rested on the will of the people as expressed in their local legislatures. They demanded their "rights as Englishmen" and "no taxation without representation". The British insisted on administering the empire through Parliament, and the conflict escalated into war.[78]

In 1774, the First Continental Congress passed the Continental Association, which mandated a colony-wide boycott of British goods. The Second Continental Congress, an assembly representing the United Colonies, unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776 (annually celebrated as Independence Day).[79] In 1781, the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union established a decentralized government that operated until 1789.[79]

After its defeat at the

personal freedoms and guaranteeing a range of legal protections, was adopted in 1791.[81]

Map of the U.S. depicting its westward expansion
Territorial acquisitions of the United States between 1783 and 1917

Although the federal government outlawed American participation in the Atlantic slave trade in 1807, after 1820, cultivation of the highly profitable cotton crop exploded in the Deep South, and along with it, the slave population.[82][83][84] The Second Great Awakening, especially in the period 1800–1840, converted millions to evangelical Protestantism. In the North, it energized multiple social reform movements, including abolitionism;[85] in the South, Methodists and Baptists proselytized among slave populations.[86]

Beginning in the late 18th century, American settlers began to expand westward,[87] prompting a long series of American Indian Wars.[88] The 1803 Louisiana Purchase almost doubled the nation's area,[89] Spain ceded Florida and other Gulf Coast territory in 1819,[90] the Republic of Texas was annexed in 1845 during a period of expansionism,[91] and the 1846 Oregon Treaty with Britain led to U.S. control of the present-day American Northwest.[92] Victory in the Mexican–American War resulted in the 1848 Mexican Cession of California and much of the present-day American Southwest, making the U.S. span the continent.[87][93]

The

land grants spurred economic development.[96] After the Civil War, new transcontinental railways made relocation easier for settlers, expanded internal trade, and increased conflicts with Native Americans.[97] In 1869, a new Peace Policy nominally promised to protect Native Americans from abuses, avoid further war, and secure their eventual U.S. citizenship. Nonetheless, large-scale conflicts continued throughout the West into the 1900s.[citation needed
]

Civil War and Reconstruction era

Main articles: American Civil War and Reconstruction era
Drawing of the Battle of Gettysburg, depicting soldiers charging forward and firing a cannon
The aftermath of the Battle of Gettysburg, fought between Union and Confederate forces on July 1–3, 1863, around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, marked a turning point in the American Civil War.

Irreconcilable sectional conflict regarding

Africans and African Americans ultimately led to the American Civil War.[98] With the 1860 election of Republican Abraham Lincoln, conventions in thirteen slave states declared secession and formed the Confederate States of America (the "South" or the "Confederacy"), while the federal government (the "Union") maintained that secession was illegal.[99] In order to bring about this secession, military action was initiated by the secessionists, and the Union responded in kind. The ensuing war would become the deadliest military conflict in American history, resulting in the deaths of approximately 620,000 soldiers as well as upwards of 50,000 civilians.[100]

The Union initially simply fought to keep the country united. Nevertheless, as casualties mounted after 1863 and Lincoln delivered his Emancipation Proclamation, the main purpose of the war from the Union's viewpoint became the abolition of slavery. Indeed, when the Union ultimately won the war in April 1865, each of the states in the defeated South was required to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment, which prohibited slavery except as penal labor. Two other amendments were also ratified, ensuring citizenship and voting rights for blacks.[citation needed]

Reconstruction began in earnest following the war. While President Lincoln attempted to foster friendship and forgiveness between the Union and the former Confederacy, his assassination on April 14, 1865 drove a wedge between North and South again. Republicans in the federal government made it their goal to oversee the rebuilding of the South and to ensure the rights of African Americans. They persisted until the Compromise of 1877 when the Republicans agreed to cease protecting the rights of African Americans in the South in order for Democrats to concede the presidential election of 1876.[citation needed
]

Southern white Democrats, calling themselves "

disenfranchising most blacks and some impoverished whites throughout the region. Blacks would face racial segregation nationwide, especially in the South.[101] They also occasionally experienced vigilante violence, including lynching.[102]

Further immigration, expansion, and industrialization

Main articles: Economic history of the United States, Immigration to the United States, and Technological and industrial history of the United States
Film by Edison Studios showing immigrants disembarking at Ellis Island in New York Harbor, which served as a major entry point for European immigration into the U.S.[103]

In the North, urbanization and an unprecedented

transcontinental railroads, spurred economic growth and greater settlement and development of the American Old West. The later invention of electric light and the telephone would also affect communication and urban life.[105]

The United States fought Indian Wars west of the Mississippi River from 1810 to at least 1890.

Hawaiian monarchy and formed the Republic of Hawaii, which the U.S. annexed in 1898. Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines were ceded by Spain in the same year, following the Spanish–American War.[108] American Samoa was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the end of the Second Samoan Civil War.[109] The U.S. Virgin Islands were purchased from Denmark in 1917.[110]

railroad, petroleum, and steel industries. Banking became a major part of the economy, with J. P. Morgan playing a notable role. The American economy boomed, becoming the world's largest.[111] These dramatic changes were accompanied by growing inequality and social unrest, which prompted the rise of organized labor along with populist, socialist, and anarchist movements.[112] This period eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive Era, which saw significant reforms including women's suffrage, alcohol prohibition, regulation of consumer goods, and greater antitrust measures to ensure competition and attention to worker conditions.[113][114][115]

World War I, Great Depression, and World War II

Further information: United States in World War I, Great Depression in the United States, and Military history of the United States during World War II
Worker during construction of the Empire State Building in New York, 1930; the Chrysler Building can be seen in the background.

The United States remained neutral from the outbreak of

Paris Peace Conference and advocated strongly for the U.S. to join the League of Nations. However, the Senate refused to approve this and did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles that established the League of Nations.[116]

In 1920, the women's rights movement won passage of a constitutional amendment granting women's suffrage.[117] The 1920s and 1930s saw the rise of radio for mass communication and the invention of early television.[118] The prosperity of the Roaring Twenties ended with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression. The Empire State Building was the world’s tallest skyscraper when it opened in 1931, during the Depression era. After his election as president in 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt responded with the New Deal.[119] The Great Migration of millions of African Americans out of the American South began before World War I and extended through the 1960s;[120] whereas the Dust Bowl of the mid-1930s impoverished many farming communities and spurred a new wave of western migration.[121]

Mushroom cloud formed by the Trinity Experiment in July 1945, part of the Manhattan Project, the first detonation of a nuclear weapon in history.

At first

neutral during World War II, the United States in March 1941 began supplying materiel to the Allies. On December 7, 1941, the Empire of Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, prompting the United States to join the Allies against the Axis powers, and in the following year, to intern about 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans.[122][123] The U.S. pursued a "Europe first" defense policy,[124] leaving the Philippines isolated in fighting against Japanese invasion and occupation. During the war, the United States was one of the "Four Powers"[125] who met to plan the postwar world, along with Britain, the Soviet Union, and China.[126][127] The United States emerged relatively unscathed from the war, and with even greater economic and military influence.[128]

The United States played a leading role in the

United Nations Charter, which became active after the war.[129] The United States and Japan then fought each other in the largest naval battle in history, the Battle of Leyte Gulf.[130][131] The United States developed the first nuclear weapons and used them on Japan in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945; the Japanese surrendered on September 2, ending World War II.[132][133]

Cold War and late 20th century

Main articles: History of the United States (1945–1964), History of the United States (1964–1980), History of the United States (1980–1991), and History of the United States (1991–2008)
See caption
Martin Luther King Jr. gives his famous "I Have a Dream" speech at the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington, 1963.

After World War II, the United States financed and implemented the Marshall Plan to help rebuild western Europe; disbursements paid between 1948 and 1952 would total $13 billion ($115 billion in 2021).[134] Also at this time, geopolitical tensions between the United States and Soviet Union led to the Cold War, driven by an ideological divide between capitalism and communism.[135] They dominated the military affairs of Europe, with the U.S. and its NATO allies on one side and the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies on the other.[136] The U.S. often opposed Third World movements that it viewed as Soviet-sponsored, sometimes pursuing direct action for regime change against left-wing governments.[137] American troops fought the communist forces in the Korean War of 1950–1953,[138] and the U.S. became increasingly involved in the Vietnam War (1955–1975), introducing combat forces in 1965.[139] Their competition to achieve superior spaceflight capability led to the Space Race, which culminated in the U.S. becoming the first nation to land people on the Moon in 1969.[138] While both countries engaged in proxy wars and developed powerful nuclear weapons, they avoided direct military conflict.[136]

At home, the U.S. had experienced

rapid growth of its population and middle class following World War II. After a surge in female labor participation around the 1970s, by 1985, the majority of women aged 16 and over were employed,[140] and construction of an Interstate Highway System transformed the nation's transportation infrastructure in decades to come.[141][142] In 1959, the United States admitted Alaska and Hawaii to become the 49th and 50th states, formally expanding beyond the contiguous United States.[143]

The growing

Food Stamp Program, Aid to Families with Dependent Children, along with national health insurance programs Medicare and Medicaid.[151]

U.S. president Ronald Reagan (left) and Soviet general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev at the Geneva Summit in 1985.

The 1970s and early 1980s saw the onset of

unipolarity[157] in which the U.S. was unchallenged as the world's dominant superpower.[158]

Due to the dot-com boom, stable monetary policy, and reduced social welfare spending, the 1990s saw the longest economic expansion in modern U.S. history.[159] Fearing the spread of instability from the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, in August 1991, President George H. W. Bush launched and led the Gulf War against Iraq, expelling Iraqi forces and restoring the Kuwaiti monarchy.[160] Beginning in 1994, the U.S. signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), causing trade among the U.S., Canada, and Mexico to soar.[161]

21st century

Main articles: History of the United States (1991–2008) and History of the United States (2008–present)
Dark smoke billows from the Twin Towers over Manhattan
The World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan during the September 11 attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda in 2001

On

financial crisis of 2007–2008 and the Great Recession, the nation's largest economic contraction since the Great Depression.[168]

stormed the U.S. Capitol in an unsuccessful effort to disrupt the presidential Electoral College vote count that confirmed Democrat Joe Biden as 46th president.[172]

Geography

Main article: Geography of the United States
Topographic map of the United States

The 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia occupy a combined area of 3,119,885 square miles (8,080,470 km2). Of this area, 2,959,064 square miles (7,663,940 km2) is contiguous land, composing 83.65% of total U.S. land area.[173][174] The rest is occupied by Hawaii, an archipelago in the central Pacific, and the five populated but unincorporated territories of Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.[175] Measured by only land area, the United States is third in size behind Russia and China, and just ahead of Canada.[176]

The United States is the world's third- or fourth-largest nation by total area (land and water), ranking behind Russia and Canada and nearly equal to China. The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and India are counted, and how the total size of the United States is measured.[c][177]

The

fourth longest river system, runs mainly north–south through the heart of the country. The flat, fertile prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the west, interrupted by a highland region in the southeast.[179]

The

Rockies is the continent's largest volcanic feature.[185]

Biodiversity

Main articles: Fauna of the United States and Flora of the United States
national bird of the United States since 1782.[186]

The U.S. is one of 17

endemic species: about 17,000 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and more than 1,800 species of flowering plants are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland.[187] The United States is home to 428 mammal species, 784 birds, 311 reptiles, and 295 amphibians,[188] and 91,000 insect species.[189]

There are 63 national parks and hundreds of other federally managed parks, forests, and wilderness areas, which are managed by the National Park Service.[190] Altogether, the government owns about 28% of the country's land area,[191] mostly in the western states.[192] Most of this land is protected, though some is leased for oil and gas drilling, mining, logging, or cattle ranching, and about .86% is used for military purposes.[193][194]

Endangered Species Act of 1973 is intended to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats, which are monitored by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.[201]

Climate

Main articles: Climate of the United States and Climate change in the United States

The United States, with its large size and geographic variety, includes most climate types. To the east of the 100th meridian, the climate ranges from humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south.[202] The Great Plains west of the 100th meridian are semi-arid. Many mountainous areas of the American West have an alpine climate. The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in the Southwest, Mediterranean in coastal California, and oceanic in coastal Oregon and Washington and southern Alaska. Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar. Hawaii and the southern tip of Florida are tropical, as well as its territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific.[203] States bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of the world's tornadoes occur in the country, mainly in Tornado Alley areas in the Midwest and South.[204] Overall, the United States receives more high-impact extreme weather incidents than any other country in the world.[205]

Extreme weather has become more frequent in the U.S., with three times the number of reported

heat waves as in the 1960s. Of the ten warmest years ever recorded in the 48 contiguous states, eight have occurred since 1998. In the American Southwest, droughts have become more persistent and more severe.[206] As of 2020, the U.S. ranked 24th among nations in the Environmental Performance Index.[207] The country joined the Paris Agreement on climate change in 2016, and has many other environmental commitments.[208] It withdrew from the Paris Agreement in 2020[209] but rejoined it in 2021.[210]

Government and politics

Main articles: Federal government of the United States, Politics of the United States, State governments of the United States, and Local government in the United States
The United States Capitol, where Congress meets: the Senate, left; the House, right
The White House, residence and workplace of the U.S. President
The Supreme Court Building, where the nation's highest court sits

The United States is a federal republic of 50

plurality vote of citizens by district.[citation needed
]

The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the U.S. Constitution, which serves as the country's supreme legal document.[215] The Constitution establishes the structure and responsibilities of the federal government and its relationship with the individual states. The Constitution has been amended 27 times;[216] the first ten amendments (Bill of Rights) and the Fourteenth Amendment form the central basis of Americans' individual rights. All laws and governmental procedures are subject to judicial review, and any law can be voided if the courts determine that it violates the Constitution. The principle of judicial review, not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, was established by the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison (1803).[217]

The federal government comprises three branches:

The House of Representatives has 435 voting members, each representing a congressional district for a two-year term. House seats are apportioned among the states by population. Each state then draws single-member districts to conform with the census apportionment. The District of Columbia and the five major U.S. territories each have one member of Congress—these members are not allowed to vote.[222]

The Senate has 100 members with each state having two senators, elected

electoral college system in which the determining votes are apportioned to the states and the District of Columbia.[223] The Supreme Court, led by the chief justice of the United States, has nine members, who serve for life.[224]

Political divisions

Main articles:
Political divisions of the United States, U.S. state, Territories of the United States, List of states and territories of the United States, and Indian reservation
Further information: Territorial evolution of the United States
District of Columbia, and the five major U.S. territories

Each of the 50 states holds jurisdiction over a geographic territory, where it shares

presidential electors equal to the number of their representatives plus senators in Congress, and District of Columbia has three electors.[226] Territories of the United States do not have presidential electors, therefore people there cannot vote for the president.[222]

Citizenship is granted at birth in all states, the District of Columbia, and all major U.S. territories except American Samoa.[l][230][227] The United States observes limited tribal sovereignty of the American Indian nations, like states' sovereignty. American Indians are U.S. citizens and tribal lands are subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress and the federal courts. Like the states, tribes have some autonomy restrictions, such as not allowed to make war, engaging in their own foreign relations, print or issue independent currency.[231] Indian reservations are usually part of a state, with 12 reservations cross state boundaries.[232] Indian country jurisdiction over civil and criminal matters is shared by tribes, states, and the federal government.[citation needed]

Parties and elections

Main articles: Political parties in the United States, Elections in the United States, and Political ideologies in the United States
Portrait of Joe Biden
Joe Biden
46th President
Portrait of Kamala Harris
Kamala Harris
49th Vice President

The United States has operated under a

Progressive in 1912.[citation needed
]

In American

Democracy Index, and is described as a "flawed democracy".[237]

Democrat Joe Biden, the winner of the 2020 presidential election and former vice president, is serving as the 46th president of the United States. Leadership in the Senate includes Vice President Kamala Harris, President pro tempore Patrick Leahy, Majority Leader Chuck Schumer, and Minority Leader Mitch McConnell.[238] Leadership in the House includes Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, Majority Leader Steny Hoyer, and Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy.[239]

In the

New Progressive.[241]

Foreign relations

Main articles: Foreign relations of the United States and Foreign policy of the United States
see caption
The United Nations headquarters has been situated along the East River in Midtown Manhattan since 1952. The United States is a founding member of the UN.

The United States has an established structure of foreign relations, and it had the world's second-largest diplomatic corps in 2019.

G20,[246] and OECD intergovernmental organizations.[247] Almost all countries have embassies and many have consulates (official representatives) in the country. Likewise, nearly all nations host formal diplomatic missions with United States, except Iran,[248] North Korea,[249] and Bhutan.[250] Though Taiwan does not have formal diplomatic relations with the U.S., it maintains close, if unofficial, relations. The United States also regularly supplies Taiwan with military equipment.[251]

The United States has a "Special Relationship" with the United Kingdom[252] and strong ties with Canada,[253] Australia,[254] New Zealand,[255] the Philippines,[256] Japan,[257] South Korea,[258] Israel,[259] and several European Union countries (France, Italy, Germany, Spain, and Poland).[260] The U.S. works closely with its NATO allies on military and national security issues, and with nations in the Americas through the Organization of American States and the United States–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement. In South America, Colombia is traditionally considered to be the closest ally of the United States.[261][262] The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for Micronesia, the Marshall Islands and Palau through the Compact of Free Association.[263] In the 21st century, U.S. relations with Russia and China have deteriorated significantly.[264][265]

Military

Main article: United States Armed Forces
U.S. Department of Defense
.

The president is the

commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces and appoints its leaders, the secretary of defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Department of Defense, which is headquartered at the Pentagon near Washington, D.C., administers five of the six service branches, which are made up of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, and Space Force. The Coast Guard is administered by the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and can be transferred to the Department of the Navy in wartime.[266] The United States spent $649 billion on its military in 2019, 36% of global military spending. At 4.7% of GDP, the percentage was the second-highest among all countries, after Saudi Arabia.[267] It also has more than 40% of the world's nuclear weapons, the second-largest after Russia.[268]

In 2019, all six branches of the U.S. Armed Forces reported 1.4 million personnel on active duty.

contractors.[270] Military service in the United States is voluntary, although conscription may occur in wartime through the Selective Service System.[271] The United States has the third-largest combined armed forces in the world, behind the Chinese People's Liberation Army and Indian Armed Forces.[272]

Today, American forces can be rapidly deployed by the Air Force's large fleet of

air defense across the United States, and provides close air support to Army and Marine Corps ground forces.[273][274] The Space Force operates the Global Positioning System, operates the Eastern and Western Ranges for all space launches, and operates the United States' Space Surveillance and Missile Warning networks.[275][276][277] The military operates about 800 bases and facilities abroad,[278] and maintains deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries.[279]

Government finance

See also: Taxation in the United States and United States federal budget
Chart depicting an increase in U.S. government spending as a percentage of GDP over time, particularly since World War I
The amount of US debt, measured as a percentage of GDP from 1790 to 2018

Green Card holders living abroad are taxed on their income irrespective of where they live or where their income is earned. The United States is one of the few countries in the world to do so.[283] However, the foreign earned income exclusion applies to the first $108,700 of annual foreign income earned by U.S. citizens living and working abroad.[citation needed
]

In 2010, taxes collected by federal, state and municipal governments amounted to 24.8% of GDP.[284] For 2018, the effective tax rate for the wealthiest 400 households was 23%, compared to 24.2% for the bottom half of U.S. households.[285] During fiscal year 2012, the federal government spent $3.54 trillion on a budget or cash basis. Major categories of fiscal year 2012 spending included: Medicare & Medicaid (23%), Social Security (22%), Defense Department (19%), non-defense discretionary (17%), other mandatory (13%) and interest (6%).[286]

In 2018, the United States had the largest external debt in the world.

Moody's.[290]

Law enforcement and crime

Main articles: Law enforcement in the United States and Crime in the United States
Chart depicting a steep increase in the number of incarcerated Americans from the 1980s to the 2000s
Total incarceration in the United States by year (1920–2014)

There are about 18,000 U.S. police agencies from local to federal level in the United States.

U.S. federal courts' rulings and federal laws.[292] State courts conduct most civil and criminal trials,[293] and federal courts handle designated crimes and appeals from the state criminal courts.[294]

As of 2020[update], the United States has a intentional homicide rate of 7 per 100,000 people.[295] A cross-sectional analysis of the World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2010 showed that United States homicide rates "were 7.0 times higher than in other high-income countries, driven by a gun homicide rate that was 25.2 times higher."[296]

The United States has the highest documented incarceration rate and largest prison population in the world.[297] In 2019, the total prison population for those sentenced to more than a year is 1,430,800, corresponding to a ratio of 419 per 100,000 residents and the lowest since 1995.[298] Some estimates place that number higher, such Prison Policy Initiative's 2.3 million.[299] Various states have attempted to reduce their prison populations via government policies and grassroots initiatives.[300]

Although most nations have abolished capital punishment,[301] it is sanctioned in the United States for certain federal and military crimes, and at the state level in 28 states, though three states have moratoriums on carrying out the penalty imposed by their governors.[302][303][304] Since 1977, there have been more than 1,500 executions,[305] giving the U.S. the sixth-highest number of executions in the world, following China, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Egypt.[306] However, the number is trended down nationally, with several states recently abolishing the penalty.[304][307]

Economy

Main article: Economy of the United States
See also: Economic history of the United States, List of companies of the United States by state, and List of largest companies in the United States by revenue
financial center[308]

According to the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) of $22.7 trillion constitutes 24% of the gross world product at market exchange rates and over 16% of the gross world product at purchasing power parity (PPP).[309][15] From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a 2.3% weighted average for the rest of the G7.[310] The country ranks fifth in the world in nominal GDP per capita[311] and seventh in GDP per capita at PPP.[15]

The

national debt of $30 trillion.[317]

In 2009, the private sector was estimated to constitute 86.4% of the economy.[318] While its economy has reached a post-industrial level of development, the United States remains an industrial power.[319] In August 2010, the American labor force consisted of 154.1 million people (50%). With 21.2 million people, the public sector is the leading field of employment. The largest private employment sector is health care and social assistance, with 16.4 million people. It has a smaller welfare state and redistributes less income through government action than most other high-income countries.[320]

Science, technology, and energy

Main articles: Science and technology in the United States, Science policy of the United States, and Energy in the United States
Moon
, 1969

The United States has been a leader in technological

satellites in space in December 2021, the highest number of any country.[326]

In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone. Thomas Edison's research laboratory developed the phonograph, the first long-lasting light bulb, and the first viable movie camera.[327] The Wright brothers in 1903 made the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight, and the automobile companies of Ransom E. Olds and Henry Ford popularized the assembly line in the early 20th century.[328] The rise of fascism and Nazism in the 1920s and 30s led many European scientists, such as Albert Einstein, Enrico Fermi, and John von Neumann, to immigrate to the United States.[329] During World War II, the Manhattan Project developed nuclear weapons, ushering in the Atomic Age. During the Cold War, competition for superior missile capability ushered in the Space Race between the U.S. and Soviet Union.[330][331] The invention of the transistor in the 1950s, a key component in almost all modern electronics, led to the development of microprocessors, software, personal computers and the Internet.[332]

As of 2019, the United States receives approximately 80% of its energy from fossil fuels.

petroleum consumption, while producing only 6% of the world's annual petroleum supply.[335] The U.S. ranks as second-highest emitter of greenhouse gases, exceeded only by China.[336]

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in the United States
Map of the Interstate Highway System crisscrossing the U.S.
The Interstate Highway System in the contiguous United States, which extends 46,876 miles (75,440 km)[337]

The United States'

rail network, nearly all standard gauge, is the longest in the world, and exceeds 293,564 km (182,400 mi).[338] It handles mostly freight, with intercity passenger service provided by Amtrak to all but four states.[339] The country's inland waterways are the world's fifth-longest, and total 41,009 km (25,482 mi).[340]

Personal transportation is dominated by automobiles, which operate on a network of 4 million miles (6.4 million kilometers) of public roads.[341] The United States has the world's second-largest automobile market,[342] and has the highest vehicle ownership per capita in the world, with 816.4 vehicles per 1,000 Americans (2014).[343] In 2017, there were 255 million non-two wheel motor vehicles, or about 910 vehicles per 1,000 people.[344]

The

world's 50 busiest passenger airports, 16 are in the United States, including the busiest, Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport.[347] Of the fifty busiest container ports, four are located in the United States, of which the busiest is the Port of Los Angeles.[348]

Income, wealth, and poverty

Further information:
United States counties by per capita income, and Income inequality in the United States
CBO Chart, U.S. Holdings of Family Wealth 1989 to 2013. The top 10% of families held 76% of the wealth in 2013, while the bottom 50% of families held 1%. Inequality increased from 1989 to 2013.[349]

Accounting for 4.24% of the

Wealth in the United States is highly concentrated; the richest 10% of the adult population own 72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom 50% own just 2%.[353] Income inequality in the U.S. remains at record highs, with the top fifth of earners taking home more than half of all income[354] and giving the U.S. one of the widest income distributions among OECD members.[355] The extent and relevance of income inequality is a matter of debate.[356][357][358]

For 2019, the

paid family leave as a legal right.[363] The United States also has a higher percentage of low-income workers than almost any other developed nation, largely because of a weak collective bargaining system and lack of government support for at-risk workers.[364] The economic impact and mass unemployment caused by the COVID-19 pandemic raised fears of a mass eviction crisis,[365] with an analysis by the Aspen Institute indicating that between 30 and 40 million people were at risk for eviction by the end of 2020.[366]

There were about 567,715 sheltered and unsheltered homeless persons in the U.S. in January 2019, with almost two-thirds staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program.[367] Attempts to combat homelessness include the Section 8 housing voucher program and implementation of the Housing First strategy across all levels of government.[368][369][370][371] In 2011, 16.7 million children lived in food-insecure households, about 35% more than 2007 levels, though only 845,000 U.S. children (1.1%) saw reduced food intake or disrupted eating patterns at some point during the year, and most cases were not chronic.[372] As of June 2018, 40 million people, roughly 12.7% of the U.S. population, were living in poverty, including 13.3 million children. Of those impoverished, 18.5 million live in "deep poverty", family income below one-half of the federal government's poverty threshold.[373]

Demographics

Main articles:
Family structure in the United States

Population

See also:
List of U.S. states by population
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
17903,929,214—
18005,308,48335.1%
18107,239,88136.4%
18209,638,45333.1%
183012,866,02033.5%
184017,069,45332.7%
185023,191,87635.9%
186031,443,32135.6%
187038,558,37122.6%
188050,189,20930.2%
189062,979,76625.5%
190076,212,16821.0%
191092,228,49621.0%
1920106,021,53715.0%
1930123,202,62416.2%
1940132,164,5697.3%
1950151,325,79814.5%
1960179,323,17518.5%
1970203,211,92613.3%
1980226,545,80511.5%
1990248,709,8739.8%
2000281,421,90613.2%
2010308,745,5389.7%
2020331,449,2817.4%
2021 (est.)331,893,745[13]0.1%
Note that the census numbers do
not include Native Americans until 1860.[374]

The

U.S. Population Clock, on January 28, 2021, the U.S. population had a net gain of one person every 100 seconds, or about 864 people per day.[377] In 2018, 52% of Americans age 15 and over were married, 6% were widowed, 10% were divorced, and 32% had never been married.[378] In 2020, the U.S. had a total fertility rate stood at 1.64 children per woman[379] and the world's highest rate (23%) of children living in single-parent households.[380]

The United States has a diverse population; 37

median age of the United States population was 38.5 years.[376]

In 2018, there were almost 90 million immigrants and

refugee resettlement for decades, admitting more refugees than the rest of the world combined.[385]

Language

Main article: Languages of the United States

English (specifically,

U.S. naturalization requirements—standardize English, and most states have declared English as the official language.[386] Three states and four U.S. territories have recognized local or indigenous languages in addition to English, including Hawaii (Hawaiian),[387] Alaska (twenty Native languages),[n][388] South Dakota (Sioux),[389] American Samoa (Samoan), Puerto Rico (Spanish), Guam (Chamorro), and the Northern Mariana Islands (Carolinian and Chamorro). In Puerto Rico, Spanish is more widely spoken than English.[390]

According to the American Community Survey, in 2010 some 229 million people (out of the total U.S. population of 308 million) spoke only English at home. More than 37 million spoke Spanish at home, making it the second most commonly used language in the United States. Other languages spoken at home by one million people or more include Chinese (2.8 million), Tagalog (1.6 million), Vietnamese (1.4 million), French (1.3 million), Korean (1.1 million), and German (1 million).[391]

The

most widely taught foreign languages in the United States, in terms of enrollment numbers from kindergarten through university undergraduate education, are Spanish (around 7.2 million students), French (1.5 million), and German (500,000). Other commonly taught languages include Latin, Japanese, American Sign Language, Italian, and Chinese.[392][393] About 18% of all Americans claim to speak both English and another language.[citation needed
]

Urbanization

Main articles: Urbanization in the United States and List of United States cities by population

About 82% of Americans live in

urban areas, including suburbs;[177] about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000.[394] In 2008, 273 incorporated municipalities had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than one million residents, and four cities had over two million (namely New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston).[395] Many U.S. metropolitan populations are growing rapidly, particularly in the South and West.[396]

 
Rank
Name
 Region
Municipal pop.
Rank
Name
 Region
Pop.
Los Angeles
 1 New York Northeast 19,498,249 11 Boston Northeast 4,919,179 Chicago
Chicago
Dallas–Fort Worth
Dallas–Fort Worth
2
Los Angeles
 West 12,799,100 12 Riverside–San Bernardino West 4,688,053
3 Chicago Midwest 9,262,825 13 San Francisco West 4,566,961
4 Dallas–Fort Worth South 8,100,037 14 Detroit Midwest 4,342,304
5 Houston South 7,510,253 15 Seattle West 4,044,837
6
Atlanta
 South 6,307,261 16 Minneapolis–Saint Paul Midwest 3,712,020
7 Washington, D.C. South 6,304,975 17 Tampa–St. Petersburg South 3,342,963
8 Philadelphia Northeast 6,246,160 18 San Diego West 3,269,973
9 Miami South 6,183,199 19 Denver West 3,005,131
10 Phoenix West 5,070,110 20
Baltimore
 South 2,834,316


Religion

Main article: Religion in the United States
Map of the U.S. depicting greater religiosity in the Southern United States
Percentage of respondents in the United States saying that religion is "very important" or "somewhat important" in their lives (2014)[398]

The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its establishment.[399]

The United States has the

evangelical Protestantism plays a significant part of the culture. By contrast, religion plays the least important role in New England and the Western United States.[402]

In a 2014 survey, 70.6% of adults in the United States identified themselves as Christians,[403] and 5.9% claimed a non-Christian religion.[404] These include Judaism (1.9%), Islam (1.1%), Hinduism (0.7%), and Buddhism (0.7%).[404] The survey also reported that 22.8% of Americans described themselves as agnostic, atheist or simply having no religion.[405][406][407] Membership in a house of worship fell from 70% in 1999 to 47% in 2020, much of the decline related to the number of Americans expressing no religious preference. However, membership also fell among those who identified with a specific religious group.[408][409]

Health

See also:
Health care reform in the United States, and Health insurance in the United States
The Texas Medical Center, a cluster of contemporary skyscrapers, at night
The Texas Medical Center in downtown Houston
is the largest medical complex in the world.

The

high-income countries,[414] and approximately one-third of the U.S. adult population is obese and another third is overweight.[415]

In 2010,

alcohol consumtion. Alzheimer's disease, substance use disorders, kidney disease, cancer, and falls caused the most additional years of life lost over their age-adjusted 1990 per-capita rates.[416] Teenage pregnancy and abortion rates in the U.S. are substantially higher than in other Western nations, especially among blacks and Hispanics.[417]

The U.S. health care system far

outspends that of any other nation, measured both in per capita spending and as a percentage of GDP but attains worse healthcare outcomes when compared to peer nations.[418] The U.S., however, is a global leader in medical innovation. The United States is the only developed nation without a system of universal health care, and a significant proportion of the population that does not carry health insurance.[419]

Government-funded health care coverage for the poor (

remains controversial.[425]

Education

Main articles: Education in the United States and Higher education in the United States
Photograph of the University of Virginia
The University of Virginia, founded by Thomas Jefferson, is one of the many public colleges and universities in the United States

American

high school); some states allow students to leave school at 16 or 17.[426] Of Americans 25 and older, 84.6% graduated from high school, 52.6% attended some college, 27.2% earned a bachelor's degree, and 9.6% earned graduate degrees.[427] The basic literacy rate is approximately 99%.[177][428]

The United States has many private and public

loan forgiveness programs in place,[434] student loan debt has increased by 102% in the last decade,[435] and exceeded 1.7 trillion dollars as of 2022.[436]

Culture and society

Main articles: Culture of the United States and Society of the United States
The Statue of Liberty, a large teal bronze sculpture on a stone pedestal
The Statue of Liberty, a gift from France, has become an iconic symbol of the American Dream.[437]

The United States is home to a

Latin America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as a homogenizing melting pot, and a heterogeneous salad bowl, with immigrants contributing to, and often assimilating into, mainstream American culture.[438] Nevertheless, there is a high degree of social inequality related to race[444] and wealth.[445]

Americans have traditionally been characterized by a strong

highest in the world by a large margin.[450]

The

social mobility, plays a key role in attracting immigrants.[451] Whether this perception is accurate has been a topic of debate.[452][453][454] While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a classless society,[455] scholars identify significant differences between the country's social classes, affecting socialization, language, and values.[456] Americans tend to greatly value socioeconomic achievement, but being ordinary or average is also generally seen as a positive attribute.[457]

The arts and philosophy

Main articles:
Architecture of the United States, and Visual art of the United States
Photograph of Mark Twain
Mark Twain, American author and humorist

In the 18th and early 19th centuries, American art and literature took most of its cues from Europe, contributing to Western culture. Writers such as Washington Irving, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, and Henry David Thoreau established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the 19th century. Mark Twain and poet Walt Whitman were major figures in the century's second half; Emily Dickinson, virtually unknown during her lifetime, is recognized as an essential American poet.[458] A work seen as capturing fundamental aspects of the national experience and character—such as Herman Melville's Moby-Dick (1851), Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby (1925) and Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird (1960)—may be dubbed the "Great American Novel."[459]

Thirteen U.S. citizens have won the Nobel Prize in Literature. William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway and John Steinbeck are often named among the most influential writers of the 20th century.[460] Popular literary genres such as the Western and hardboiled crime fiction developed in the United States.[citation needed] The Beat Generation writers opened up new literary approaches, as have postmodernist authors such as John Barth, Thomas Pynchon, and Don DeLillo.[461]

The transcendentalists, led by Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson, established the first major American philosophical movement. After the Civil War, Charles Sanders Peirce and then William James and John Dewey were leaders in the development of pragmatism. In the 20th century, the work of W. V. O. Quine and Richard Rorty, and later Noam Chomsky, brought analytic philosophy to the fore of American philosophical academia. John Rawls and Robert Nozick also led a revival of political philosophy.[462][463]

In the visual arts, the Hudson River School was a mid-19th-century movement in the tradition of European naturalism. The 1913 Armory Show in New York City, an exhibition of European modernist art, shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene.[464] Georgia O'Keeffe, Marsden Hartley, and others experimented with new, individualistic styles. Major artistic movements such as the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning and the pop art of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein developed largely in the United States. The tide of modernism and then postmodernism has brought fame to American architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright, Philip Johnson, and Frank Gehry.[465] Americans have long been important in the modern artistic medium of photography, with major photographers including Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, Edward Weston, and Ansel Adams.[466]

Food

Main article:
Cuisine of the United States
A roasted turkey
Roasted turkey is a traditional menu item of an American Thanksgiving dinner.[467]

Early settlers were introduced by Native Americans to such indigenous, non-European foods as turkey, sweet potatoes, corn, squash, and maple syrup. They and later immigrants combined these with foods they had known, such as wheat flour,[468] beef, and milk to create a distinctive American cuisine.[469][470] Homegrown foods are part of a shared national menu on one of America's most popular holidays, Thanksgiving, when many Americans make or purchase traditional foods to celebrate the occasion.[471]

The American

tacos and pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are widely consumed.[476] Americans drink three times as much coffee as tea.[477] Marketing by U.S. industries is largely responsible for making orange juice and milk standard breakfast beverages.[478][479]

Music

Main article: Music of the United States
The Capitol Records Building, among the cultural landmarks of Los Angeles.[480]

Among America's earliest composers was a man named William Billings who, born in Boston, composed patriotic hymns in the 1770s;[481] Billings was a part of the First New England School, who dominated American music during its earliest stages. Anthony Heinrich was the most prominent composer before the Civil War. From the mid- to late 1800s, John Philip Sousa of the late Romantic era composed numerous military songs—particularly marches—and is regarded as one of America's greatest composers.[482] By the late 19th century, the Second New England School (sometimes referred to specifically as the "Boston Six") became prominent representatives of the classical tradition, of whom John Knowles Paine was the leading figure.[citation needed]

The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African-American music have deeply influenced American music at large, distinguishing it from European and African traditions. Elements from folk idioms such as the blues and what is known as old-time music were adopted and transformed into popular genres with global audiences. Jazz was developed by innovators such as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington early in the 20th century. Country music developed in the 1920s, and rhythm and blues in the 1940s.[483]

Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were among the mid-1950s pioneers of rock and roll. Rock bands such as Metallica, the Eagles, and Aerosmith are among the highest grossing in worldwide sales.[484][485][486] In the 1960s, Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of America's most celebrated songwriters.[487] Mid-20th-century American pop stars such as Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra,[488] and Elvis Presley became global celebrities,[483] as have artists of the late 20th century such as Michael Jackson, Whitney Houston, Prince, and Madonna.[489][490] Popular entertainers of the 21st century include Eminem, Britney Spears, Beyoncé, Bruno Mars, Lady Gaga, Christina Aguilera, Justin Timberlake, Taylor Swift and Ariana Grande.[citation needed]

Cinema and theater

Main articles: Cinema of the United States and Theater in the United States
The Hollywood Sign, large white block letters on a hillside
The Hollywood Sign in Los Angeles, California

Golden Globe Awards have been held annually since January 1944.[495]

Director

filmmaker during the silent film period, was central to the development of film grammar, and producer/entrepreneur Walt Disney was a leader in both animated film and movie merchandising.[496] Directors such as John Ford redefined the image of the American Old West, and, like others such as John Huston, broadened the possibilities of cinema with location shooting. The industry enjoyed its golden years, in what is commonly referred to as the "Golden Age of Hollywood", from the early sound period until the early 1960s,[497] with screen actors such as John Wayne and Marilyn Monroe becoming iconic figures.[498][499] In the 1970s, "New Hollywood" or the "Hollywood Renaissance"[500] was defined by grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the post-war period.[501] In more recent times, directors such as Steven Spielberg and George Lucas have gained renown for their blockbuster films, often characterized by high production costs and earnings.[citation needed
]

Theater in the United States derives from the old European theatrical tradition and has been heavily influenced by the

community theater culture, which relies mainly on local volunteers who may not be actively pursuing a theatrical career.[504]

Sports

Main article: Sports in the United States
See also: Professional sports leagues in the United States
Tom Brady throwing football
Johnson against the Celtics
Zack Greinke pitching a baseball
People playing ice hockey
The most popular sports in the U.S. are American football, basketball, baseball and ice hockey.[505]

While most major U.S. sports such as baseball and American football have evolved out of European practices, basketball, volleyball, skateboarding, and snowboarding are American inventions, some of which have become popular worldwide.[506] Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate Western contact.[507] The market for professional sports in the United States is roughly $69 billion, roughly 50% larger than that of all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined.[508]

American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport in the United States;[509] the National Football League (NFL) has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world, and the Super Bowl is watched by tens of millions globally.[510] Baseball has been regarded as the U.S. national sport since the late 19th century, with Major League Baseball being the top league. Basketball and ice hockey are the country's two popular professional team sports, with the top leagues being the National Basketball Association and the National Hockey League. The most-watched individual sports in the U.S. are golf and auto racing, particularly NASCAR and IndyCar.[511][512]

Eight

NCAA Final Four is one of the most watched sporting events.[516]

Mass media

Further information: Mass media in the United States
See also: Newspapers in the United States, Television in the United States, Internet in the United States, and Radio in the United States
New York Times Building in Midtown Manhattan

The four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the

television networks are all commercial entities. Cable television offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches.[517] Americans listen to radio broadcasting, on average, just over two hours per day; about 92% of Americans over age 12 listen to broadcast radio.[518] [needs update] As of September 30, 2014, there are 15,433 licensed full-power radio stations in the U.S. according to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC).[519] Much public radio broadcasting is supplied by NPR, incorporated in February 1970 under the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967.[520]

Well-known U.S. newspapers include

Yahoo, and Facebook.[524]

See also

Notes

  1. official language of 32 states; English and Hawaiian are both official languages in Hawaii, and English and 20 indigenous languages are official in Alaska. Algonquian, Cherokee, and Sioux are among many other official languages in Native-controlled lands throughout the country. French is a de facto, but unofficial, language in Maine and Louisiana, while New Mexico law grants Spanish a special status. In five territories, English as well as one or more indigenous languages are official: Spanish in Puerto Rico, Samoan in American Samoa, and Chamorro in both Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. Carolinian is also an official language in the Northern Mariana Islands.[4][5]
  2. ^ The historical and informal demonym Yankee has been applied to Americans, New Englanders, or northeasterners since the 18th century.
  3. ^ a b c The United States is the third-largest country by total area, after Russia and Canada, if its coastal and territorial water areas are included. If only its internal waters are included (bays, sounds, rivers, lakes, and the Great Lakes), the U.S. is the fourth-largest, after Russia, Canada, and China.

    Coastal/territorial waters included: 3,796,742 sq mi (9,833,517 km2)[19]
    Only internal waters included: 3,696,100 sq mi (9,572,900 km2)[20]
  4. ^ a b The U.S. Census Bureau provides a continuously updated but unofficial population clock in addition to its decennial census and annual population estimates: [1]
  5. unincorporated islands because they are counted separately in U.S. census
    statistics.
  6. ^ See Time in the United States for details about laws governing time zones in the United States.
  7. ^ See Date and time notation in the United States.
  8. ^ A single jurisdiction, the U.S. Virgin Islands, uses left-hand traffic.
  9. ^ The five major territories are American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the United States Virgin Islands. There are eleven smaller island areas without permanent populations: Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, and Palmyra Atoll. U.S. sovereignty over Bajo Nuevo Bank, Navassa Island, Serranilla Bank, and Wake Island is disputed.[18]
  10. U.S. Virgin Islands borders the British Virgin Islands.[21] Puerto Rico has a maritime border with the Dominican Republic.[22] American Samoa has a maritime border with the Cook Islands (see Cook Islands–United States Maritime Boundary Treaty).[23][24] American Samoa also has maritime borders with independent Samoa and Niue.[25]
  11. ^ New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia
  12. ^ People born in American Samoa are non-citizen U.S. nationals, unless one of their parents is a U.S. citizen.[227] In 2019, a court ruled that American Samoans are U.S. citizens, but the litigation is onging.[228][229]
  13. U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands
    ) and minor island possessions.
  14. Central Alaskan Yup'ik, Alutiiq, Unanga (Aleut), Denaʼina, Deg Xinag, Holikachuk, Koyukon, Upper Kuskokwim, Gwichʼin, Tanana, Upper Tanana, Tanacross, Hän, Ahtna, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian
    .
  15. ^ Also known less formally as Obamacare

References

  1. ^ 36 U.S.C. § 302
  2. U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs
    . 2003. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
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