List of country-name etymologies

Argentina

The first description of the region by the word Argentina has been found on a Venetian map in 1536.^[28] The name "Argentina" comes from Italian. Argentina (masculine argentino) means in Italian "(made) of silver, silver coloured", derived from the Latin "argentum" for silver. La Argentina ("the silvery"), a 17th-century truncation of Tierra Argentina ("Land beside the Silvery River", lit. "Silvery Land"), named via argento (either in Italian or poetic Spanish) in reference to the Río de la Plata, so called by Italian explorer Sebastian Cabot during his expedition there in the 1520s after acquiring some silver trinkets from the Guaraní along the Paraná near modern-day Asunción, Paraguay.^[29]

Armenia

Etymology unknown.

Latinized from Greek Armenía (Ἀρμενία), "Land of the Armenioi" (Αρμένιοι) attested in the 5th century BC,^[30] from Old Persian Armina ( ) attested in the late 6th century BC,^[31]

of uncertain origin.

It may be a continuation of the

amalgam *Armnaia ("inhabitant of Arme" or "Urme"),^[41] a region held by Proto-Armenians in the Sason mountains.^{[citation needed]} Ultimately, the name has been connected to the Proto-Indo-European root *ar- ("assemble", "create") also found in the word Ararat, Aryan, Arta, &c.^[42][43]

The Armenians traditionally traced the name to an

Lake Boebeïs in Thessaly,^[47] while Herodotus called them Phrygian colonists.^[48]

Hayastan, the local endonym: Etymology unknown. The modern

Old Armenian Haykʿ (հայք), traditionally derived from a legendary patriarch named Hayk (Հայկ).^[49]

Aram above was considered to be one of his descendants.

Australia

"Southern Land" in

Terra Australis Incognita ("Unknown Southern Land") dating back to the Roman era. First appearing as a corruption of the Spanish name for an island in Vanuatu in 1625,^[50] "Australia" was slowly popularized following the advocacy of the British explorer Matthew Flinders in his 1814 description of his circumnavigation of the island.^[51] Lachlan Macquarie, a Governor of New South Wales, used the word in his dispatches to England and recommended it be formally adopted by the Colonial Office in 1817.^[52] The Admiralty agreed seven years later and the continent became officially known as Australia in 1824.^[53]

In Flinders' book he published his rationale:

"There is no probability, that any other detached body of land, of nearly equal extent, will ever be found in a more southern latitude; the name Terra Australis will, therefore, remain descriptive of the geographical importance of this country, and of its situation on the globe: it has antiquity to recommend it; and, having no reference to either of the two claiming nations, appears to be less objectionable than any other which could have been selected."[54]

(Antarctica, the hypothesized land for which the name Terra Australis originally referred to, was sighted in 1820, and not explored until decades after Flinders' book had popularized this shift of the name.)

Oz, a colloquial endonym: Likely a contraction from above.

The Wizard of Oz, but the Oxford English Dictionary records the first occurrence as "Oss" in 1908.^[55] Frank Baum's original book predates this and may have inspired the name,^[56] but it is also possible Baum himself was influenced by Australia in his development of Oz.^[57]

Nova Hollandia, a former name: "New Holland" in Neo-Latin (Dutch: Nieuw Holland), after the Dutch province, bestowed by the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in 1644. For the further etymology of Holland, see the Netherlands below.

Austria

"Eastern

Marchia Orientalis, an eastern prefecture for the Duchy of Bavaria

established in 976.

Azerbaijan

"Land of

Saspirians,^[66] upon Aturpat's declaration of independence from the Diadochi Seleucus following the death of Alexander the Great. Aturpat's own name (Old Persian: ; Greek: Aτρoπάτης, Atropátēs) is the Old Persian for "protected by atar", the holy fire of Zoroastrianism.^[67]

Albania, a former name: From the

Old Armenian Ałuankʿ (Աղուանք). The native Lezgic name(s) for the country is unknown,^[69]

but Strabo reported its people to have 26 different languages and to have only been recently unified in his time. It is often referenced as "Caucasian Albania" in modern scholarship to distinguish it from the European country above.

Arran, a former name: From the

rhotacism from earlier names as above.^{[citation needed}

]

"Large upper middle island", from the

Lucayan name Bahama used by the indigenous Taíno people for the island of Grand Bahama.^[70][71] Tourist guides often state that the name comes the Spanish baja mar ('shallow sea'),^[70] in reference to the reef-filled Bahama Banks.^[72]

Bahrain

"The Two Seas" in

al-Jawahari is that the original formal name Bahri (lit. "belonging to the sea") would have been misunderstood and so was opted against.^[75]

Bangladesh

The etymology of Bangladesh (Country of Bengal) can be traced to the early 20th century, when Bengali patriotic songs, such as Namo Namo Namo Bangladesh Momo by Kazi Nazrul Islam and Aaji Bangladesher Hridoy by Rabindranath Tagore, used the term.^[76] The term Bangladesh was often written as two words, Bangla Desh, in the past. Starting in the 1950s, Bengali nationalists used the term in political rallies in East Pakistan.

The exact origin of the word Bangla is unknown, though it is believed to come from "Vanga", an ancient kingdom mentioned in world's largest Epic Mahabharat even Ramayan and geopolitical division on the Ganges delta in the Indian subcontinent. It was located in southern Bengal, with the core region including present-day southern West Bengal (India) and southwestern Bangladesh. The suffix "al" came to be added to it from the fact that the ancient rajas of this land raised mounds of earth 10 feet high and 20 in breadth in lowlands at the foot of the hills which were called "al". From this suffix added to the Bung, the name Bengal arose and gained currency".^[77][78] Support to this view is found in Ghulam Husain Salim's Riyaz-us-Salatin.^[79]

Other theories point to a

Barbados

"Bearded ones", from the Portuguese As Barbadas,

indigenous people. (Isaac Taylor was of the opinion that Barbuda was named for its men, Barbados for its figs.^[39]

)

Belarus

"White Russia", a

Muscovy after its conquest of that region, finally being applied to its present region in the late 16th century to describe ethnically Russian regions being conquered from Poland.^[89] This last change was politically motivated, with Russia employing the foreign term to justify its revanchism at Poland's expense.^[89] The original meaning of "white" in Belarus's name is unknown. It may simply have arisen from confusion with legends concerning Caucasian Albania^[89] or from a use of colors to distinguish cardinal directions as seen in "Red Russia".^[90] Other theories include its use to distinguish Belarus as "free" or "pure", particularly of Mongolian control, or to distinguish the region from "Black Russia", a region of productive soil.^{[citation needed]} For the further etymology of Rus, see Russia

below.

Belorussia or Byelorussia, a former name: "White Russia" in Russian (

White Russian Soviet Socialist Republic (Белору́сская Сове́тская Социалисти́ческая Респу́блика

, Belorússkaya Sovétskaya Sotsalistícheskaya Respúblika) declared in 1919.

White Russia, a former name: a translation of the above.

Belgium

"Land of the

Proto-Celtic root *belg- from the Proto-Indo-European *bhelgh-, both meaning "to bulge" or "to swell" (particularly with anger) and cognate with the Old English belgan, "to be angry".^{[91][92][93][94][95]} An alternate etymology takes it from a proposed Proto-Indo-European root meaning "dazzling" or "bright"^[96]

Belize

Etymology unknown. Traditionally derived from a Spanish transcription of "Wallace", a Scottish buccaneer who established an eponymous settlement (on Spanish maps, Valize and Balize

Mayan word beliz ("muddy water"),^[98] presumably in reference to the river, or from Kongolese Africans who brought the name with them from Cabinda. Adopted in 1973 while still a self-governing colony

of the United Kingdom.

A previous folk etymology took it from the French balise ("beacon").^[39]

British Honduras, a former name: See Honduras and Great Britain below.

Benin

"[Land beside] the

Oranyan in the 12th century.^{[citation needed}

]

An alternate theory derives Bini from the

Arabic bani (بني, "sons" or "tribe").^{[citation needed}

]

Dahomey or Dahomy, a former name: "Belly of Dã" in Fon (Dã Homè),^[39] from the palace of the ahosu Akaba, traditionally built over the entrails of a local ruler.^[99] In Fon, the name "Dã" or "Dan" can also mean "snake" or the snake-god Damballa. Upon the restoration of independence, the name was deemed no longer appropriate since the historic kingdom comprised only the southern regions and ethnicities of the modern state.

Abomey, a former name: "Ramparts" in Fon (Agbomè), from the palace of the ahosu Houegbadja.^{[citation needed]}

Bhutan

1777

1786

Two of Rennell's EIC maps, showing the division of "Thibet or Bootan" into separate regions.

Etymology unknown. Names similar to Bhutan—including Bottanthis, Bottan, Bottanter—began to appear in Europe around the 1580s.

Tibetan endonym Bod. An alternate theory derives it from the Sanskrit Bhu-Utthan (भू-उत्थान, "highlands").^[101]

Druk Yul, the local endonym: "Land of the Thunder Dragon" in

Bhutanese (འབྲུག་ཡུལ་). Variations of this were known and used as early as 1730. The first time a Kingdom of Bhutan separate from Tibet did appear on a western map, it did so under its local name as "Broukpa".^[100]

Bolivia

"Land of

Peru, to unite it with the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, or to declare its independence. A national assembly opted for independence, then sought to placate Bolívar's doubts by naming Bolívar as the first president of a country named in his honor.^[102][103] The original name "Republic of Bolívar" was swiftly changed to Bolivia at the urging of the congressman Manuel Martín Cruz.^[104]

Bolívar's own name derives from the village of Bolibar in Spanish Biscay. Its name comes from the Basque bolu ("windmill") and ibar ("valley").^[105]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Slavic origins.^[107]

Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III around 1448. The Ottoman sanjak formed in the area after its 1482 conquest was simply called Hersek, but the longer Bosnian form was adopted by Austria

and English.

Botswana

"Country of the

Livingstone derived it from the Setswana tshwana ("alike", "equal"),^[109] others from a word for "free".^[110] However, other early sources suggest that while the Tswana adopted the name, it was an exonym they learned from the Germans and British.^[111]

• Bechuanaland
  , a former name: from "Bechuana", an alternate spelling of "Botswana".

Brazil

Latin suffix -ilus.^[113][114]

The appearance of

Medici Atlas places one Brazil near Ireland and a second one off the Azores near Terceira Island. That use may derive from its four volcanoes or reference its dragon's blood, a red resin dye. Regardless, the initial names of present-day Brazil were Ilha de Vera Cruz ("Island of the True Cross") and then – after it was discovered to be a new mainland – Terra de Santa Cruz ("Land of the Holy Cross"); this only changed after a Lisbon-based merchant consortium led by Fernão de Loronha

leased the new colony for massive exploitation of the costly dyewood which had previously been available only from India.

Pindorama, a former name: "Land of the Palm Trees" in

Guarani people of Paraguay and southwest Brazil.^{[citation needed}

]

Britain

See the United Kingdom below.

Brunei

• Full name of Brunei is Brunei Darussalam, Darussalam is in Arabic which mean the Abode of Peace.

  Etymology unknown. Modern

  Limbang River.^[123] It is also said that the word 'Brunei' is said to have come from the Sanskrit word Bhūrṇi (भूर्णि) which means "land" or "earth" and Brunei could have been called Karpūradvīpa (कर्पूरद्वीप) which means "camphor island" as camphor was one export Brunei was well known for in ancient times.^[124]

Bulgaria

From the

proto-Turkic bel ("five") and gur ("arrow" in the sense of "tribe"), a proposed division within the Utigurs or Onogurs ("ten tribes").^[126]

Within Bulgaria, some historians question the identification of the Bulgars as a Turkic tribe, citing certain linguistic evidence (such as Asparukh's name) in favor of a North Iranian or Pamiri origin.^[127][128]

Burkina Faso

"Land of Honest Men", from an

Dioula faso ("homeland"; literally "father's house"), selected by President Thomas Sankara following his 1983 coup to replace Upper Volta

.

Upper Volta, a former name: "Land of the Upper Volta River", whose main tributaries originate in the country. The Volta itself (Portuguese: "twist", "turn") was named by Portuguese gold traders exploring the region.^{[citation needed]}

Burma

Named for the

Konbaung Dynasty that Burmans fully displaced the Mon within the Irrawaddy valley

.

The Indian name is alternatively derived from Brahmadesh (

Sanskrit: ब्रह्मादेश), "land of Brahma".^{[citation needed]} A folk etymology of Myanma derives it from myan ("fast") and mar ("tough", "strong").^{[citation needed}

]

Oxford English

.

Burundi

"Land of the

Rwanda-Urundi in 1962.^[133]

Cambodia

"Land of the

Indochina and married a naga princess named Mera, plus (-ja) meaning "descendants of".^[134]

In informal usage Cambodians refer to their country as Srok Khmer, "Land of the Khmers".

Cameroon

"

anglicized "Cameroons" derived from the Portuguese Rio de Camarões^[135] ("Shrimp River") bestowed in 1472 on account of a massive swarm of the Wouri River's ghost shrimp.^[135]

Kamerun, a former name: The German name for their colony there between 1884 and the end of World War I, as above. Formerly also known simply as German Cameroon.

Cameroun, a former name: The French name for their colony there between World War I

and 1960, as above. Formerly also known simply as French Cameroons.

Canada

A prominent theory is that the word Canada means "Village", from

Iroquoian Kanada,^[136] adopted for the entire Canadian Confederation in 1867, from name of the British Province of Canada formed by the 1841 reunification of Upper and Lower Canada, previously established by a division of Quebec, the British renaming of the French territory of Canada. French Canada had received its name when its administrators adopted the name used by the explorer Jacques Cartier to refer to St. Lawrence River and the territory along it belonging to the Iroquoian chief Donnacona. In 1535, he had misunderstood the Laurentian Kanada as the name of Donnacona's capital Stadacona.^[137]

Another popular theory is that it folk etymology derived the name from Spanish or Portuguese acá or cá nada ("nothing here") in reference to the region's lack of gold or silver.^[138][139]

Quebec, a former name: "Where the river narrows", from Algonquin kébec via French, in reference to the St. Lawrence River near modern Quebec City. Samuel de Champlain chose the name in 1608 for the new town there,^[140] which gave its name to a section of French Canada and then the British province of Quebec, which eventually became modern Canada and even briefly included the entire Ohio River valley between the enactment of the Quebec Act in 1774 and the surrender of the region to the United States in 1783. (Modern Quebec was formed from Canada East during the Canadian Confederation in 1867.)

Cabo Verde

"Green

Gorée Island in the modern nation of Senegal and is now known by its French form "Cap-Vert". ^{[citation needed}

]

Central African Republic

Self-descriptive, from its

List of continent-name etymologies

.

Ubangi-Shari, a former name: From the French Oubangui-Chari, from the Ubangi and the Chari Rivers, which ran through the territory.

Chad

"Lake", from Lake Chad in the country's southwest, whose name derives from the Kanuri tsade ("lake").^{[citation needed]}

Chile

Etymology unknown. The name dates to the "men of Chilli",

Casma Valley,^[142] the Quechua chiri ("cold"),^[145] the Aymara tchili ("snow"^[145][146] or "depths"^[147]), the Mapuche chilli ("where the land ends" or "runs out"),^[141] or the Mapuche cheele-cheele ("yellow-winged blackbird").^[141][148]

A folk etymology attributes the name to chili peppers, sometimes via the Mexican Spanish chile ("chili"), but the two are almost certainly unrelated.^[149]

China

Derived from

Laws of Manu.^[156] The Indologist Patrick Olivelle however argued that the word Cīnā may not have been known in India before the first century BC, nevertheless he agreed that it probably referred to Qin but thought that the word itself was derived from a Central Asian language.^[157] Some Chinese and Indian scholars argued for the state of Jing (荆) as the likely origin of the name.^[155] Another suggestion, made by Geoff Wade, is that the Cīnāh in Sanskrit texts refers to an ancient kingdom centered in present-day Guizhou, called Yelang, in the south Tibeto-Burman highlands.^[156] The inhabitants referred to themselves as Zina according to Wade.^[158] The word in Europe is first recorded in 1516 in the journal of Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa.^[159] The word is first recorded in English in a translation published in 1555.^[160]

Khitai", from Marco Polo's Italian Catai, used for northern but not southern China, ultimately from the Khitan endonym Kitai Gur ("Kingdom of the Khitai"),^[161] possibly via Persian Khitan (ختن) or Chinese Qìdān (契丹

).

Seres and Serica, former names: "Land of Silk" in Greek (Σηρες, Sēres) and Latin, respectively. The further etymology is typically derived from the Chinese for silk (simplified Chinese: 丝; traditional Chinese: 絲; pinyin: sī), but the modern correspondence belies the Old Chinese pronunciation *sə.^[162]

Zhongguo or Chung-kuo (simplified Chinese: 中国; traditional Chinese: 中國; pinyin: Zhōngguó), the most common endonym: originally meaning "Central Demesne", then "Middle Kingdom", now equivalent to "Central Nation".

(For many other endonyms, see Names of China.)

Colombia

Main article:

Etymology of Colombia

"Land of Columbus" in Spanish, adopted in 1863^[163] in honor of the earlier Gran Colombia formed by Simón Bolívar in 1819 after a proposal of Francisco de Miranda for a single pan–Hispanic American state.

Magdalena Valley

.

Spain. Adopted in 1835 following the secession of Venezuela and Ecuador from Gran Colombia. For further etymology of "Granada", see Grenada

below.

Granadine Confederation, a former name: From the adjectival form of Granada (Spanish: Granadina).

Comoros

"Moons", from the

Arabic

Jazā'ir al-Qamar (جزر القمر, "Islands of the Moon").

Republic of the Congo

"[Land beside] the

Bakongo, an endonym said to mean "hunters" (Kongo: mukongo, nkongo).^[167]

Belgian-controlled Congo to its south. For further etymology of "France", see below

.

Middle Congo

, a former name: From its position along the river, a translation of the French Moyen-Congo, adopted as the colony's name between 1906 and 1958.

Congo (Brazzaville): As above, with the inclusion of the country's capital to distinguish it from

Latin Brattius or Braccius, both meaning "arm".^[168]

Democratic Republic of the Congo

As above, adopted upon independence in 1960 as Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo).

International Congo Society acknowledged as separate from the country of Belgium at the 1884 Berlin Conference

.

French-controlled Congo to its north. For further etymology of "Belgium", see above

.

Congo (Léopoldville) and Congo-Léopoldville, former names: As above, with the inclusion of the country's capital to distinguish it from

Latin leo ("lion") or Old High German

liut ("people") and OHG bald ("brave").

Congo (Kinshasa) and Congo-Kinshasa, alternate names: As above, following the renaming of Léopoldville after the nearby native settlement of Kinshasa or Kinchassa^[170] to its east^[171] as part of the Mobutist Authenticity movement.

Zaire or Zaïre, a former name: "[Land beside] the Congo River", a French form of a Portuguese corruption of the Kongo Nzere ("river"), a truncation of Nzadi o Nzere ("river swallowing rivers"),^[172] adopted for the river and the country between 1971 and 1997 as part of the Authenticity movement.

Costa Rica

"Rich Coast" in Spanish, although the origin of the epithet is disputed. Some claim it was bestowed by the Italian explorer Christopher Columbus in 1502 as Costa del Oro ("Gold Coast"),^[39] others by the Spanish conquistador Gil González Dávila.^{[citation needed]}

Côte d'Ivoire

See also: Ivory Coast § Etymology

"Ivory Coast" in French, from its previous involvement in the

Grain Coast", the "Gold Coast", and the "Slave Coast

".

Ivory Coast, an alternate name: Self-descriptive, the English translation of the above.

Croatia

Main article:

Name of Croatia

Etymology uncertain. From

Proto-Slavic *Xarwāt- (*Xъrvatъ)^[173]

or *Xŭrvatŭ (*xъrvatъ).

The most common theory[173] derives it from Harahvat-, the Old Persian name for the Arachosia or Helmand River, or from Harahuvatiš, the land surrounding it. This is cognate with the Vedic Sarasvatī and Avestan Harax^vaitī.^[174] This derivation seems to be supported by a 3rd-century Scythian form Xoroathos (ΧΟΡΟΑΘΟΣ) appearing in the Tanais Tablets.^{[citation needed]}

Alternate theories include Zbigniew Gołąb's proposal that it is a borrowing from Proto-Germanic *C(h)rovati, presumed to mean "warriors clad with horn-armor"^[175] or chrawat, "mountaineers".^[39]

Cuba

Main article:

Etymology of Cuba

Etymology unknown. First bestowed by Christopher Columbus as Cabo de Cuba (the modern Punta de Mulas) after a supposed local settlement named "Cuba",^[39] probably from the Taíno cubao ("abundant fertile land")^{[176][unreliable source?]} or coabana ("great place").^{[177][unreliable source?]}

Scholars who believe that

Beja in Portugal.^[178][179]

Cyprus

Main article:

Etymology of Cyprus

Etymology unknown. Latinized from the Greek Kúpros (Κύπρος), first attested as Mycenaean Greek (Kupirijo, "Cypriot"). Possible etymologies include the Greek kypárissos (κυπάρισσος, "cypress")^[180] or kýpros (κύπρος, "henna").^{[citation needed]}

The most common folk etymology derives its name from "copper", since the island's extensive supply gave Greek and Latin words for the metal.^[181] Although these words derived from Cyprus rather than the other way around, the name has more recently been derived from an Eteocypriot word for "copper" and even from the Sumerian zubar ("copper") or kubar ("bronze").^{[citation needed]}

Czechoslovakia

Main articles: Czechoslovakia § Official names, and Hyphen War

"Land of the Czechs and Slovaks". For further etymology of "Czech", see Czech Republic below; for further etymology of "Slovak", see Slovakia below.

Czech Republic

Main articles:

Etymology of the Czech Republic and Name of the Czech Republic

Self-descriptive, adopted upon the

Čech who led the tribe into Bohemia. Modern theories consider it an obscure derivative, e.g. from četa, a medieval military unit.^[183]

Czechia, a less common alternate name: A Latinized version of the Czech endonym Czechy.

Bohemia, a former name:

Proto-Indo-European

roots meaning "cow" and "warrior". Now refers only to the area of Bohemia proper.

Czechy or Čechy, a former endonym: "Land of the Czechs" in archaic Czech. Now typically considered to refer only to the area of Bohemia proper, excluding Moravia and other areas.

Česko, a current endonym: "Land of the Czechs" in modern Czech. Although it appeared as early as the 18th century, Česko remained uncommon enough that most Czechs only associated it with its appearance in the Czech name for Czechoslovakia (Česko-Slovensko or Československo) so many resisted the use of it following the division of the country. Given the inability to use the former name Čechy either, government campaigns have tried to make Česko more common.^[185]

D

Denmark

Main article: Etymology of Denmark

Etymology uncertain, but probably "The

Danes" is uncertain, but has been derived from the proposed Proto-Indo-European root *dhen ("low, flat"); -mark from the proposed Proto-Indo-European root *mereg- ("edge, boundary") via Old Norse

merki ("boundary") or more probably mǫrk ("borderland, forest").

The former folk etymology derived the name from an eponymous king Dan of the region.

Djibouti

Etymology unknown, named for its eponymous capital

moon god.^{[citation needed}

]

French Somaliland, a former name: From its position near today's Somaliland, distinguishing it from British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland. For the further etymology of France and Somalia, see below here and here.

Afars and Issas

.

Dominica

Main article: Dominica § Etymology and languages

"Sunday Island" in

saint's day on that date and Columbus's own father had been named Domenego

.

Wai'tu Kubuli, a former endonym: "Tall is her body" in the local Carib dialect.^[188]

Dominican Republic

"Republic of

Domenego, or Saint Dominic's feast day^[189] on 4 August.^[190] Nicolás de Ovando shortened the name to Santo Domingo de Guzmán upon the city's refounding at a new site after a major hurricane in 1502.^[191] Dominic himself was named for Saint Dominic of Silos, the monk at whose shrine his mother was said to have prayed.^{[citation needed]} Dominic (from the Latin Dominicus, "lordly" or "belonging to the Lord") was a common name for children born on Sunday (see "Dominica" above) and for religious names.^{[citation needed}

]

Royal Audiencia of Santo Domingo

theoretically in 1511 and actually in 1526.

Spanish Haiti, a former name: Self-descriptive, translated from the Spanish name República del Haití Español chosen upon independence in 1821. The "Spanish" distinguished it from the adjacent French-speaking Haiti. For further etymology of "Haiti", see below.

Ozama and Cibao, a former name: From the French Départements de l'Ozama et du Cibao, from the Taíno cibao ("abounding in rocks", referring to the island's Central Range) and the Ozama River, from Taíno ozama ("wetlands", "navigable waters").^{[citation needed}

]

E

East Timor

Main article:

Etymology of East Timor

"Eastern East [Island]", from the Portuguese Timor-Leste ("East Timor"), in reference to the state's position on the eastern half of the island of

Lesser Sundas.^[193]

Indonesian Timor on the western half of the island. For further etymology of Portugal, see below

.

Timor-Leste

, an alternate name: "East Timor" in Portuguese. In the official name, Republica Democratica de Timor-Leste (Democratic Republic of East Timor).

Ecuador

"

Royal Audience of Quito. Quito, which remained the capital of the department and republic, is located only about 40 kilometres (25 mi), ¼ of a degree

, south of the equator.

Spanish

.

Egypt

Luxor Obelisk in the Place de la Concorde

, Paris.

Main article:

Etymology of Egypt

"Home of the

Egyptian empire, by metonymy from the cult and temple of Ptah there. Ptah's name itself meant "opener", both in relation to his creation of the world and his role in the opening of the mouth ceremony.^[194]

Strabo recorded the Greek folk etymology that it derived from the Greek Aigaíou hyptíōs (Αἰγαίου ὑπτίως, "[land] below the Aegean").

Kumat, a former endonym: "Black Land", reconstructed from

Egyptian kmt, distinguishing the Nile flood plain from the "Red Land" of the desert, later becoming Coptic Kīmi (Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ). A previous folk etymology related the name to the Biblical Ham

.

El Salvador

"The Savior" in Spanish, a truncation of the original Provincia de Nuestro Señor Jesus Cristo, el Salvador del Mundo ("Province of our Lord

Kingdom of Guatemala named for its capital La Ciudad de Gran San Salvador ("City of the Great Holy Savior"), founded around 1 April 1525, by Gonzalo de Alvarado, whose brother Pedro had previously instructed him to name a settlement in the territory of Cuzcatlan after the Feast of the Holy Savior.^[195][196]

Nahuatl Kozkatlan.^{[citation needed}

]

Kingdom of England

See List of etymologies of administrative divisions: England

Equatorial Guinea

Self-descriptive. Although the country's territory does not touch the equator, it straddles the line: the island Annobón lies to the south while the mainland is to the north. For further etymology of "Guinea", see below.

Spanish Guinea, a former name: See Spain and Guinea below.

Eritrea

"Land of the

Greek

Erythrá Thálassa (Ἐρυθρά Θάλασσα, "Red Sea").

Estonia

Main article:

Etymology of Estonia

"Land of the

Scandinavian sagas' references to Eistland are the earliest known sources using the toponym indisputably for a geographic area overlapping with modern Estonia.^[198] The word Estland/Eistland has been linked to Old Norse eist, austr meaning "the east".^[199]

The Estonian endonym Eesti was first attested in writing as Estimah in 1638, as a combination of the name Est- and the word -mah ("land"), which is still used as an alternative name Eestimaa in modern Standard Estonian.

The Finnish name Viro is derived from the northeast Estonian Viru County, which was closest to Finns along the shore. Similar names can be found in other Northern Finnic languages.

The Latvian name Igaunija and

Ugandi County

.

Eswatini

See also: Eswatini § Name

"Land of the

Swaziland

.

Swaziland, a former name: Self-descriptive, the English translation of the above.

Ethiopia

Main article:

Etymology of Ethiopia

"Land of the Blacks", from Latin Æthiopia, from the Ancient Greek Αἰθιοπία (Aithiopía), "land of the Burnt-Faced" (from Αἰθίοψ, Aithíops), originally in reference to all Sub-Saharan Africa.^[39]

An

Book of Aksum traces the name to an "'Ityopp'is", supposed to be a son of Cush

.

Ge'ez

: ዳሞት).

Ge'ez

: አክሱም) of unknown etymology.

Abyssinia, a former name: Uncertain meaning. Latinized in 1735 from a Portuguese corruption Abassia^[39] of the Arabic al-Ḥabašah (الحبشة),^[200] from Ge'ez Ḥabbaśā (ሐበሻ) or Ḥabaśā (ሐበሣ), first attested in 2nd- or 3rd-century engravings as Ḥbś or Ḥbštm (ሐበሠ),^[201] of unknown origin. Possibly related to the 15th-century-BC Egyptian Ḫbstjw, a foreign people of the incense-producing regions.

F

Fiji

Main article:

Etymology of Fiji

Possibly "look-out".^[202] Adapted from Fisi, the Tongan form of Viti, referring to the island of Viti Levu (Fijian for "Great Viti"). Popularized by British explorer James Cook.^[203]

Finland

Main articles:

Etymology of Finn

"Land of the

Sami people. The etymology of "Finn" is uncertain: it may derive from Germanic translations of the Finnish suo ("fen")^[39] or from the proposed Proto-Germanic *finne "wanderers", "hunting-folk".^[204]

Suomi, the endonym and exonym in some other Finnic and Baltic languages: Uncertain etymology. Possibly derived from the proposed proto-Balto-Slavic *zeme "land"^[205] or from the Finnish suomaa ("fen land").^[39]

France

Main articles:

Etymology of France and Name of France

"Land of the

Old Frankish Franko. The name "Frank" itself has been derived from the historic framea ("javelin"),^[39] proposed Proto-Germanic *frankon ("spear", "javelin"), – although the characteristic weapons of the Franks were the sword and the Frankish axe – and from the Proto-Germanic *frankisc ("free") from *frank ("free")^[39] – although they were not masters until after their conquest of Gaul

.

Proto-Celtic *galno- ("power", "strength").^{[citation needed}

]

Walhaz, originally meaning "Volcae

" but eventually simply "foreigner".

G

Gabon

"Cloak",

Arabic qabā' (‏قباء

‎).

The Gambia

"

Mandinkan Kaabu and Wolof bur ("king").^[207]

A

slave trade

.

Georgia

Main articles: Names of Georgia. For the U.S. state, see List of state and territory name etymologies of the United States.

Etymology uncertain. The terms "Georgia" and "Georgian" appeared in Western Europe in numerous early medieval annals. At the time, the name was

Ancient Greek: Ἴβηρες, Ibēres).^[208][209]

Another theory semantically links "Georgia" to Greek geōrgós (γεωργός, "tiller of the land") and

Taurica.^[212]

Mtkvari River near modern Armazi

.

Greek Ibēría (Ἰβηρία), possibly from Virk' as above.^[213]

Germany

Main articles:

Etymology of Germany and Names of Germany

Meaning uncertain. German attested 1520,

Rhine,^[214] and repopularized in Europe following the rediscovery and publication of Tacitus's Germania in 1455.^[214] Proposed derivations include the Celtic gair- ("neighbor"),^[215] gairm ("battle-cry")^[215] or *gar ("to shout"),^{[citation needed]} and gar ("spear").^{[citation needed}

]

Deutschland, the local endonym: "The People's Land", from Old High German diutisciu land, from the Germanic *þiudiskaz (sometimes translated as "vernacular",^[214] as opposed to Latin and Romance languages like Old French), a form of *þeudō, from the proposed Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂ ("people").^[216]

Ghana

Main article:

Etymology of Ghana

"Warrior King",^[217] adopted at J. B. Danquah's suggestion upon the union of Gold Coast with British Togoland in 1956 or upon independence on 6 March 1957, in homage to the earlier Malian Ghana Empire, named for the title of its ruler.^{[citation needed]} Despite the empire never holding territory near the current nation, traditional stories connect the northern Mande of Ghana – the Soninke, Dyula, Ligby, and Bissa – to peoples displaced following the collapse of the old Ghana.^{[citation needed]}

Togoland and British Togoland, former names: See Togo below.

Gold Coast, a former name: Self-descriptive. Compare the names Europeans gave to nearby stretches of shore, as Côte d'Ivoire above.

Kingdom of Great Britain

See etymology of "Great Britain" under the United Kingdom below.

Greece

Main articles: Name of Greece and Names of the Greeks

Etymology uncertain. From

Mycenean Greek.^[224]

Folk etymology linked the name with an eponymous patriarch Graecus, related to Hellen below.

Hellás, the local endonym: Etymology unknown.

classical Hellás (Ἑλλάς) both derive from Greek Hellēn (Ἓλλην), which Aristotle traced the name to a region in Epirus between Dodona and the Achelous, where the Selloi (possibly "sacrificers"^{[citation needed]}) were said to be priests of Dodonian Zeus and operators of the first oracle

.

Folk etymology linked the name with an eponymous patriarch

Anthele

.

Grenada

"

Elvira

which became the principal settlement after the latter was destroyed in 1010.

Concepción, a former name: "

Carib

natives, however, limited colonization until the name had fallen from use.

Guatemala

Main article:

Etymology of Guatemala

"Forest", from the Nahuatl Cuauhtēmallān (lit. "Place of Many Trees"), a translation of the K'iche' K'ii'chee' (lit. "Many Trees").^[226]

Guinea

Main articles:

Etymology of Guinea and Gulf of Guinea § Name

Etymology uncertain.

Anglicized from Portuguese Guiné, traditionally derived from a corruption of Ghana above, originally in reference to the interior and applied to the coast only after 1481.^[227] Alternate theories include a corruption of Djenné^[228] and the Berber ghinawen, aginaw, or aguinaou ("burnt one", i.e. "black").^[227]

French Guinea, a former name: As above, from the French Guinée française, a renaming of Rivières du Sud in 1894. For further etymology of "France", see above.

Rivières du Sud, a former name: "Southern Rivers" in French.

Sosso nakiri ("other side" or "shore").^[229]

Guinea-Bissau

Etymology of Guinea uncertain. The Portuguese name of República da Guiné-Bissau was adopted officially upon independence in 1973.

Portuguese Guinea, a former name: As above. For further etymology of "Portugal", see below.

Guyana

Main article:

Etymology of Guyana

"Land of Many Waters" in an indigenous language.[

which?]^[230]

British Guiana, a former name: As above. For further etymology of "Britain", see United Kingdom below.

H

Haiti

From

Arawak, Hayiti or Hayti, meaning "mountainous land", originally Hayiti. The name derives from the mountainous and hilly landscape of the western half of the island of Hispaniola

.

• Latinization of the Spanish name La Española, meaning "The Spanish (island)", a name given to the island by Columbus in 1492.^[231]

Honduras

Main article:

Etymology of Honduras

Christopher Columbus named the country "Honduras", Spanish for "depths", referring to the deep waters off the northern coast.

Hungary

Main article: Name of Hungary

Byzantine chronicles gave this name to the Hungarians; the chroniclers mistakenly assumed that the Hungarians had Turkic origins, based on their Turkic-nomadic customs and appearance, despite the Uralic language of the people. The Hungarian tribes later actually formed an alliance of the seven Hungarian and three Khazarian tribes, but the name is from before then, and first applied to the original seven Hungarian tribes. The ethnonym Hunni (referring to the Huns

) has influenced the Latin (and English) spelling.

• Ugry (Угры,
  Khanty and Mansi
  people, the closest relatives to Hungarians in the Uralic language family.
• Magyarország (native name – "land of the
  Mansi mäńćī 'Manshi; unchristened child', måńś 'joint endonym for the Khanty and the Mansi', Khanty mańt 'the name of one of the Khanty alliances of tribes'. The posterior constituent is the independently not used word er, going back to ancient Finno-Ugric *irkä 'man, boy', found in modern Hungarian ember 'man', férj 'husband', némber 'woman without respectable qualities'; cf. Mari erγe 'boy', Finnish yrkö 'man'. In Hungarian, after the dimming of it having been made up of constituent parts, and due to the action of wovel harmony present in Hungarian, magyeri, magyer became magyar.^[232] Ország comes from the old uru form of úr 'lord, master', affixed with derivational suffix '-szág' (alternative of '-ság').^[233] According to unsubstantiated legend, recounted in the chronicle of Simon of Kéza (Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum, 1282), Magyar (Magor), the forefather of all Hungarians, had a brother named Hunor (the ancestor of the Huns); their father king Menrot, equates to the Nimrod, builder of the tower of Babel, of the Hebrew Bible
  .

I

Iceland

Main article: Names of Iceland

"Land of Ice", from

Jesus

.

India

Main article: Names for India

"Land of the Indus River" in Latin, from Greek Ινδία, from Old Persian Hindu (𐎢𐎯𐎴𐎡𐏃), the Old Persian name of the Sind Province, ultimately derived from Sanskrit Sindhu (सिन्धु), the original name of the Indus River

Rishabha's son Bharata

). However, it is in reference to the entire Indian subcontinent.

Ganges valley since the 19th century.^{[citation needed}

]

Aryavarta (आर्यावर्त), a native name: Sanskrit

for "land of Aryans"

Indonesia

Main article:

Etymology of Indonesia

"Indian Islands" in Greek (Ινδονησία), apparently invented in the mid-19th century to mean "Indies Islands", from the islands' previous name "East Indies".

Dutch East Indies, a former name: a translation of the Dutch Nederlands Oost-Indië

Hindia-Belanda, a former name: the Indonesian form of the Dutch name above.

Iran

Main articles:

Etymology of Iran and Name of Iran

"Land of the Aryans" or "land of the free". The term "Arya" is from a Proto Indo-Iranian root, generally meaning "noble" or "free", cognate with the Greek-derived word "aristocrat".

• Perseus".^{[citation needed}
  ]
• The
  Naqsh-e Rustam.^[237]

Iraq

Main article:

Etymology of Iraq

The prevailing theory is that it is derived from the city of Erech/Uruk (also known as "Warka") near the river Euphrates. Some archaeologists regard Uruk as the first major Sumerian city. However, it is more plausible that name is derived from the Middle Persian word Erak, meaning "lowlands". The natives of the southwestern part of today's Iran called their land "the Persian Iraq" for many centuries (for Arabs: Iraq ajemi: non-Arabic-speaking Iraq). Before the constitution of the state of Iraq, the term "Iraq arabi" referred to the region around Baghdad and Basra.^[238]

• Mesopotamia (ancient name and Greek variant): a loan-translation (Greek meso- (between) and potamos (river), meaning "Between the Rivers") of the ancient Semitic Bein-Al Nahrein, "Land of two Rivers", referring to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

Ireland

Main articles: Names of the Irish state and Éire

After "Éire" from Proto-Celtic *Φīweriyū, "the fertile place" or "Place of Éire (Ériu)", a Celtic fertility goddess. Often mistakenly derived as "Land of Iron"; may come from a reflex of Proto-Indo-European *arya, or from variations of the Irish word for "west" (Modern Irish iar, iarthar).

• Geographia
  as Ἰουερνία), from the above Celtic name.
• Ireland is known as Èirinn in Scottish Gaelic, from the dative case of Old Irish Ériu. In the fellow Celtic languages: in Welsh it is Iwerddon; in Cornish it is Ywerdhon or Worthen; and in Breton it is Iwerzhon.
• In Gaelic bardic tradition Ireland is also known by the poetical names of Banbha and Fódhla. In Gaelic myth, Ériu, Banba and Fódla were three goddesses who greeted the Milesians upon their arrival in Ireland, and who granted them custody of the island.

Israel

Main article:

Etymology of Israel

"El(God) persists/rules".

"Israel" and related terms "the people of Israel" ('Am Isra'el עם יִשְׂרָאֵל) and "the Children of Israel" (Benei Isra'el בני יִשְׂרָאֵל) have referred to the Jewish People in its literature from antiquity. The name Isra'el (יִשְׂרָאֵל – literally: "will Struggle with God"), originates from the Hebrew Bible as an appellation given to the biblical patriarch Jacob. According to the account in the Book of Genesis, Jacob wrestled with an angel at a river ford and won – through perseverance. God then changed his name to Israel, signifying that he had deliberated with God and won, as he had wrestled and won with men.

Italy

Main articles:

Etymology of Italy and History of Italy § Origins of the name

From the mythological figure of Italus.

From

Ītalia, itself from Greek Ἰταλία, from the ethnic name Ἰταλός, plural Ἰταλοί, originally referring to an early population in the southern part of Calabria. That ethnic name probably directly relates to a word ἰταλός (italós, "bull"), quoted in an ancient Greek gloss by Hesychius (from his collection of 51,000 unusual, obscure and foreign words). This "Greek" word is assumed to be a cognate of Latin vitulus ("calf"), although the different length of the i is a problem. The Latin vitulus is presumably derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *wet- meaning "year" (hence, a "yearling": a "one-year-old calf"), although the change of e to i is unexplained. The "Greek" word, however, is glossed as "bull", not "calf". Speakers of ancient Oscan called Italy Víteliú, a cognate of Greek Ἰταλία and Latin Ītalia. Varro wrote that the region got its name from the excellence and abundance of its cattle. Some disagree with that etymology. Compare Italus

.

• Friagi or Friaz' (
  Byzantine appellation for the medieval Franks
  .
• Valland (variant in Icelandic): "Land of Valer" (an Old Norse name for Celts, later also used for the Romanized tribes).
• Włochy (Polish) and Olaszország (Hungarian): from
  walh, the same root as in Valland and Wallachia
  .

Ivory Coast

See Côte d'Ivoire above.

J

Jamaica

Arawak

Xaymaca or Hamaica, "Land of wood and water" or perhaps "Land of springs".

Japan

Main article: Names of Japan

From Geppun,

Land of the Rising Sun

", indicating Japan as lying to the east of China (where the sun rises). Also formerly known as the "Empire of the Sun".

• Nihon / Nippon: Japanese name, from the
  Onyomi
  (Sino-Japanese) pronunciation of the same characters as above.

Jordan

Main article:

Etymology of Jordan

After the

Canaanite root ירד yrd – "descend" (into the Dead Sea). The river Jordan forms part of the border between Jordan and Israel/West Bank

.

river Jordan

.

Urdun (

Arabic

), literal translation of name Jordan, sometimes spelled Urdan.

K

Kazakhstan

Main article:

Etymology of Kazakhstan

"Land of the

amalgam of Kazakh qazaq (Қазақ, 'nomad', 'free') and Persian -stan

([text?] 'land').

Kenya

Main articles:

Etymology of Mount Kenya, and List of names on Mount Kenya

After Mount Kenya, probably from the Kikuyu Kere Nyaga ("White Mountain").^[239]

• British East Africa (former name): after its geographical position on the continent of Africa and the former colonial power, (Britain
  ).

See also Britain, above, and Africa on the

Place name etymology

page.

From the Kikuyu word Kirinyaga a contraction of Kirima nyaga "Ostrich mountain", so called because the dark shadows and snow-capped peak resemble the plumage of a male Ostrich. The neighbouring Kamba tribe do not have the "R" and "G" sound in their language and called it "Keinya" when acting as guides to a German explorer. It is often erroneously believed it comes from Kirima Ngai "Mountain of God"

Kiribati

Main article:

Etymology of Kiribati

An adaptation of "Gilbert", from the former European name the "Gilbert Islands". Pronounced [ˈkiɾibas].

Thomas Gilbert

, who sighted the islands in 1788.

Korea (North and South)

Main articles:

Etymology of Korea and Names of Korea

From "Gaoli", Marco Polo's Italian rendition of Gāo Lí (Chinese: 高麗), the Chinese name for Goryeo (918–1392), which had named itself after the earlier Goguryeo (37 BC–AD 668). The original name was a combination of the adjective go (고; 高) meaning "lofty" and a local Yemaek tribe, whose original name is thought to have been either Guru (구루, "walled city") or Gauri (가우리, "center").

South Koreans call Korea Hanguk (한국), an early 20th century neologism derived from the name "Samhan", referring to the Three Kingdoms of Korea.

North Koreans as well as ethnic Koreans living in China and Japan call it Chosŏn (조선) from Gojoseon (?–108 BC).

Kosovo

Main articles:

Etymology of Kosovo and Names of Kosovo

From the Serbian word Kosovo, derived from Kosovo Polje, the central Kosovo plain, and literally means "Field of Blackbird", since "kos" is "a blackbird" and "-ovo" is regular Serbian suffix for possessive adjectives.^{[citation needed]}

In Hungarian it is Rigómező, which means "field of the thrush"

Kuwait

From the

Arabic

diminutive form of كوت (Kut or Kout), meaning "fortress built near water".

Kyrgyzstan

"Land of the forty tribes", from three words: kyrg (kırk) meaning "forty", yz (uz) meaning "tribes" in East-Turkic, and -stan meaning "land" in Persian.

L

Laos

Main article:

Etymology of Laos

Coined under French rule, derived from Lao lao (ລາວ), meaning "a Laotian" or "Laotian", possibly originally from an ancient Indian word lava (लव). (Lava is the name of one of the twin sons of the god Rama; see History of Lahore.) The name might also be from Ai-Lao (Lao: ອ້າຽລາວ, Isan: อ้ายลาว, Chinese: 哀牢; pinyin: Āiláo, Vietnamese: ai lao), the old Chinese name for the Tai ethnic groups to which the Lao people belong.^[240] Formerly known as Lan Xang (ລ້ານຊ້າງ) or "land of a million elephants".

Lao: ເມືອງລາວ Muang Lao, lit. "Lao Country". The official name: Lao Democratic People's Republic; Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao

Chinese: 老挝 Lǎowō

Latvia

Main article:

Latvian people

Emerged in the 19th century by combining ethnonym with finale -ija. The meaning and origin of name of Latvian people is unclear, however the root lat-/let- is associated with several Baltic hydronyms and might share common origin with the Liet- part of neighbouring Lithuania (Lietuva, see below) and name of Latgalians – one of the Baltic tribes that are considered ancestors of modern Latvian people.

Lebanon

Main article:

Etymology of Lebanon

The name Lebanon (لُبْنَان Lubnān in standard Arabic; Lebnan or Lebnèn in local dialect) is derived from the Semitic root "LBN", which is linked to several closely related meanings in various languages, such as "white" and "milk". This is regarded as a reference to the snow-capped Mount Lebanon, which is actually what the country was named after as it had previously been called Phoenicia, a prosperous ancient semitic civilization that hailed from the land in Modern day Lebanon. Occurrences of the name have been found in three of the twelve tablets of the Epic of Gilgamesh (2900 BC), the texts of the library of Ebla (2400 BC), and the Bible (71 times in the Bible's Old Testament).

Lesotho

"Land of the

Sesotho-speakers".^[241] Basotho itself is formed from the plural prefix ba- and Sotho of uncertain etymology, although possibly related to the word motho ("human being").^[242]

anglicization

of their name

Liberia

From the Latin liber "free", so named because the country was established as a homeland for freed (liberated) African-American slaves.

Libya

Main articles:

Etymology of Libya, Ancient Libya, and Libu

After an ancient

Fazzan plateau (to the west) and Egypt's Nile river valley (to the east). With "Tripoli" the name of new country's capital, and the old northeastern regional name "Cyrenaica

" having passed into obsolescence, "Libya" became a convenient name for the country.

Liechtenstein

From the German "light stone" ("light" as in "bright"). The country took its name from the Liechtenstein dynasty, which purchased and united the counties of Schellenberg and Vaduz. The Holy Roman Emperor allowed the dynasty to rename the new property after itself.

Liechtenstein and Luxembourg are the only *German-speaking former member monarchies of the de facto confederal "Holy Roman Empire" (961–1806) that were not assimilated or annexed by Germany, Austria or Switzerland.

(* In the case of Luxembourg, German is – for historical reasons – one of the three official administrative languages, after Luxembourgish and French. German is not the national mother tongue of the Luxembourgish people.)

Lithuania

Multiple theories: Some link it to the word lieti ("to consolidate" or "to unite"), referring to the first union of tribes in ethnic Lithuanian lands (not lands of Balts, but lands of ancient tribes of Lithuanians including Prussians, nowadays Latvians and Belarusians).

Alternatively, could be a

Tocharian A

lyjäm ("lake").

Historically, attempts have been made to suggest a direct descendance from the

toponym

, appears in a 1009 chronicle describing an archbishop "struck over the head by pagans on the border of Russia/Prussia and Litvae". A 16th-century scholar associated the word with the Latin word litus ("tubes") – a possible reference to wooden trumpets played by Lithuanian tribesmen.

A

folkloric explanation

is that the country's name in the Lithuanian language (Lietuva) is derived from a word lietus ("rain") and means "a rainy place".

Luxembourg

The country which was initially called (County of the) Ardennes named itself after its homonym capital city founded in 963.

From Celtic Lucilem "small", German lützel, OHG luc(c)il, luz(z)il (cognate to English "little") and Germanic Burg: "castle" or "fortress", thus Lucilemburg: "little castle" or "little fortress".

Later forms of the name were: Lütze(l)burg, Lëtzelburg (cf. Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg)

The evolution towards the originally French versions of the name using the letter X instead of C, TZ or TS (Luxembourg, Luxemburg), which were adopted by most languages (but not by Luxembourgish itself), was the result of the French cultural influence throughout Europe since the 17th century.

Luxembourg and Liechtenstein are the only *German-speaking former member monarchies of the de facto confederal "Holy Roman Empire" (961–1806) which were not assimilated or annexed by Germany, Austria or Switzerland.

(* In the case of Luxembourg, German is – for historical reasons – one of the three official administrative languages, after Luxembourgish and French. German and French are not the national mother tongue of the Luxembourgish people.)

M

Macedonia

See North Macedonia below.

Madagascar

Main article:

Etymology of Madagascar

From Madageiscar, a corruption of Mogadishu popularized by Marco Polo.

Malawi

Possibly based on a native word meaning "flaming water" or "tongues of fire", believed to have derived from the sun's dazzling reflections on Lake Malawi. But President Hastings Banda, the founding President of Malawi, reported in interviews that in the 1940s he saw a "Lac Maravi" shown in "Bororo" country on an antique French map titled "La Basse Guinee Con[t]enant Les Royaumes de Loango, de Congo, d'Angola et de Benguela" and he liked the name "Malawi" better than "Nyasa" (or "Maravi"). "Lac Marawi" does not necessarily correspond to today's Lake Malawi. Banda had such influence at the time of independence in 1964 that he named the former Nyasaland "Malawi", and the name stuck.

• Lake Nyasa
  (Niassa).

Malaysia

Main articles:

Etymology of Malaysia

"Land of the Malays": a combination of

Tanah Melayu (literally 'Malay Land') or Malaya until 1963, when Federation of Malaysia was formed together with the territories of Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore (the latter withdrew in 1965). The name change indicated the change of the country's boundaries beyond Malay Peninsula. Malaysian refers to its citizens of all races includes the native aboriginal people, while Malay refers to the Malay people

, which makes up about half of the population.

Maldives

Main articles:

Etymology of Maldives and Names of the Maldives

Scholars believe that the name "Maldives" derives from the Sanskrit maladvipa (मालद्वीप), meaning "garland of islands". Some sources say that the Tamil maalai (மாலை) or Malayalam mala (മാല): "Tamil theevu (தீவு)" "mountain(s)", and Sanskrit dvīp (द्वीप): "island", thus, "Mountain Islands".

• Dhivehi Raajje (ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ) (Maldivian name): "Kingdom of Maldivians". Dhivehi is a noun describing the Dhives people (Maldivians) and their language "Dhivehi" simultaneously.
• Maladwipa (मालद्वीप): Sanskrit for "garland (mala माला, Sanskrit pronunciation: [/maːlaː/]) of islands"; or, more likely, "small islands", from mala (मल) (Sanskrit pronunciation: [/mala/]) meaning "small".

Mali

After the ancient West African kingdom of the same name, where a large part of the modern country is. The word mali means "hippopotamus" in Malinké and Bamana.

• Arabic
  bilad as-sudan (البلاد السودان) ("land of the Blacks").

Malta

Main article:

Etymology of Malta

From either Greek or

Phoenician. Of the two cultures, available evidence suggests that the Greeks had an earlier presence on the island, from as far back as 700 BC.^[247] The Greeks are known to have called the island Melita (Μελίτη) meaning "honey", as did the Romans; solid evidence for this is Malta's domination by the Byzantine Empire from 395 through to 870. It is still nicknamed the "land of honey".^[247][248] The theory for a Phoenician origin of the word is via 𐤈𐤄𐤋𐤀𐤌 Maleth meaning "a haven".^[249] The modern-day name comes from the Maltese language

, through an evolution of one of the earlier names.

Marshall Islands

Named after British captain

John Marshall, who first documented the existence of the islands in 1788. The family name is rendered Majeļ in Marshallese

.

Mauritania

Latin for "land of the Moors" (from

Mauri or Moor

tribe.

Mauritius

Named Prins Maurits van Nassaueiland in 1598 after

Maurice of Nassau (1567–1625), Stadtholder of Holland and Prince of Orange

(1585–1625).

Mexico

Main articles:

Etymology of Mexico and Name of Mexico

After the

Mexican state name etymologies

.

Federated States of Micronesia

Coined from the Greek words mikros (μικρός "small") and nesos (νῆσος "island") – "small islands".

Moldova

Main articles:

Name of Moldova

From the

Principality of Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian

).

There is also a well-known Romanian legend about a young man named Dragoș Vodă who went hunting for an aurochs or a wisent, followed by a bunch of dogs. During the hunting expedition, all the dogs got tired and fell down, except for a female dog named Molda which ran to the wild animal all the time. After the wisent entered into a river, the female dog did the same thing, but unfortunately it got drowned and died in that way. Thanks to Molda, Dragoș finally killed the wisent and cut its head off, and in memory of his dog's sacrifice, he named the river and the land after MOLda – MOLdovA. That legend, which is a fictional story, explains the name of the territory and country's etymology and also explains why the symbol of Moldova is the wisent head.

Monaco

From the ancient Greek monoikos (μόνοικος) 'single-dwelling', through Latin Monoecus. Originally the name of an ancient colony founded in the 6th century B.C. by Phocian Greeks, and a by-name of the demigod Hercules worshiped there. (The association of Monaco with monks (Italian monaci) dates from the Grimaldi conquest of 1297: see coat of arms of Monaco.)

Mongolia

"Land of the

Temüjin eventually united all the Shiwei tribes as the Mongol Empire

(Yekhe Monggol Ulus).

Montenegro

Main article:

Etymology of Montenegro

"Black Mountain" in the

Mount Lovćen

and its dark coniferous forests.

Crna Gora, the local endonym: As above, in Serbian (Црна Гора).

Doclea, a former name: "Land of the

hyper-corrected the name to Dioclea by "restoring" a supposed lost -I-.^{[citation needed}

]

Zeta, a former name: "[Land of the] Zeta River" (Зета), whose name probably relates to early Slavic roots related to "harvest" (Serbian: žetva)^{[citation needed]} or "grain" (žito).^{[citation needed]}

Morocco

Main article:

Etymology of Morocco

from "

Berber

name Mərrakəš (ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ), probably from mur [n] akush (ⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, "Land of God").

Al-Maghrib, a native name:

Arabic for "the West" (المغرب), although note that in English use, the Maghreb

typically refers to all of northwest Africa, not Morocco in particular. Also, Maghreb means "The Land of Sunset".

Mozambique

Main article:

Etymology of Mozambique

From the name of the Island of Mozambique, which in turn probably comes from the name of a previous Arab ruler, the sheik Mussa Ben Mbiki.

Myanmar

See Burma above.

N

Namibia

From the coastal

Nama language

.

List of continent-name etymologies

.

German Southwest Africa, a former name: As above. For Germany, see Germany

above.

Nauru

Main article:

Etymology of Nauru

The name "Nauru" may derive from the Nauruan word Anáoero, which means "I go to the beach". The German settlers called the island Nawodo or Onawero.

Nepal

Main article:

Etymology of Nepal

The name "Nepal" is derived from "Nepa" as mentioned in the historical maps of South Asia. "Nepa" literally means "those who domesticate cattle" in the Tibeto-Burman languages. The land was known by its people the Nepa or Nepar, Newar, Newa, Newal etc., who still inhabit the area i.e. the valley of Kathmandu and its surroundings. The Newa people use "Ra" and "La" or "Wa" and "Pa" interchangeably, hence the different names mentioned above.

Some say it derives from the

Tibetan

niyampal, which means "holy land".

Netherlands

Main article:

Netherlands (terminology)

Netherlands literally means Low countries or Lowlands. Dutch neder and its English

Meuse and Rhine, including the Lower Rhineland.^[257]

^: 37

Holland, a former name: From the region of Holland within the Netherlands, often used by metonymy for the country as a whole. "Holland" from the Germanic holt-land ("wooded land"),^[258] although often pseudoetymologized as "hollow" or "marsh land").

Batavii

tribe.

New Zealand

Main article:

Etymology of New Zealand

See also: List of New Zealand place name etymologies

After the province of

Captain James Cook later anglicised

to New Zealand.

• indigenous Māori language
  , supplanting the loan-phrase Niu Tireni. Aotearoa conventionally means "land of the long white cloud".
• Nua Shealtainn in both Irish and Scottish Gaelic, meaning "New Shetland" (Sealtainn), itself from a metathesised form of Scots Shetland. Gaelic speakers seem to have folk-etymologised Zeeland when translating New Zealand's name from English.

Nicaragua

Main article:

Etymology of Nicaragua

A merger coined by the Spanish explorer Gil González Dávila after Nicarao, a leader of an indigenous community inhabiting the shores of Lake Nicaragua and agua, the Spanish word for "water"; subsequently, the ethnonym of that native community.

Niger

In English, Niger may be pronounced /ˈnaɪdʒər/ or /niːˈʒɛər/.

Named after the Niger River, from a native term Ni Gir or "River Gir" or from Tuareg n'eghirren ("flowing water").^[259]

Nigeria

After the

Niger river that flows through the western areas of the country and into the ocean and area. See Niger

above.

North Korea

Self-descriptive, from its location in the northern portion of the Korean Peninsula. For the etymology of Korea, see Korea above.

North Macedonia

Main articles:

Etymology of Macedonia and Macedonia (terminology)

Self-descriptive, from its location in the northern portion of Macedonia.

Macedonia: The country name (

μακεδνός (makednós), meaning "tall, taper",^[262] which shares the same root as the noun μάκρος (mákros), meaning "length" in both ancient and modern Greek.^[263] The name is originally believed to have meant either "highlanders" or "the tall ones".^[264] The provisional term "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" was used in many international contexts in acknowledgment of a political dispute

with Greece over the historical legitimacy of the country's use of the name. In February 2019, the country renamed itself to the Republic of North Macedonia.

Norway

Main article: Etymology of Norway

From the Old Norse norðr and vegr, "northern way". Norðrvegr refers to long coastal passages from the western tip of Norway to its northernmost lands in the Arctic.

Natively called Norge in Bokmål and Noreg in Nynorsk.

Urmane, or Murmane (урмане; Му́рмане) in Old East Slavic: from the Old Norse pronunciation of the word Normans: "Northmen". (This word survives in the name of the Russian city Murmansk.)

An Iorua (Irish) seems to derive from a misinterpretation of Old Norse Norðrvegr as beginning the Irish definite article an, common to most country names in Irish. The rest of the word was then taken as the country name. (A similar process took place in the development of the English word "adder": originally "a nadder".)

O

Oman

Etymology uncertain. It seems to be related to

Ma'rib presumed to have been the origin of the city's founders, the Azd, a tribe migrating from Yemen.^[268]

P

Pakistan

Main article:

Etymology of Pakistan

The name

British Indian Empire: Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Sindh, and Baluchistan".^{[270][271][272]} The letter i was incorporated to ease pronunciation and form the linguistically correct and meaningful name.^[273]

Palau

From the native name Belau ("Palau"), traditionally derived from

creation story involving the destruction of the giant Chuab.^[274]

Belau, the local endonym: As above.

Los Palos, a former name: A Spanish adaptation of the above.

Pelew, a former name: From the transcription of Belau above by the British captain

Henry Wilson, whose ship was wrecked off Ulong Island

in 1783.

Palestine

Main article: Timeline of the name Palestine

The English word Palestine is derived from the Latin Palestina ("Roman Province of Palestine"), which is derived from the Ancient Greek Παλαιστίνη (Palaistine, "Philistia and surrounding regions"), which is in turn derived from the Hebrew פלשת (Pelesheth, "land of the Philistines")^[275]

Panama

Main article:

Etymology of Panama

After a former village near the modern capital,

Panama tree

.

Papua New Guinea

Main article:

Names of New Guinea

The country acquired its name in the 19th century. The word "Papua" derives from Malay papuah describing the hair styles found in Papuan cultures. "New Guinea" comes from the Spanish explorer Yñigo Ortiz de Retez, who noted the resemblance of the local people to those he had earlier seen along the Guinea coast of Africa.

Paraguay

Main article:

Etymology of Paraguay

The exact meaning of the word "Paraguay" is unknown, though it seems to derive from the river of the same name. One of the most common explanations is that it means "water of the

Payagua (a native tribe)". Another meaning links the Guarani

words para ("river") and guai ("crown"), meaning "crowned river". A third meaning may be para ("river"), gua ("from"), y ("water") meaning "water that comes from the river", referring to the bog in the north of the country, which is actually in Brazil.

Peru

Main article:

Etymology of Peru

The exact meaning behind the word "Peru" is obscure. The most popular theory derives it from the native word biru, meaning "river" (compare with the River Biru in modern Ecuador). Another explanation claims that it comes from the name of the Indigenous chieftain Beru. Spanish explorers asked him the name of the land, but not understanding their language, he assumed they wanted his own name, which he gave them. Another possible origin is pelu, presumptively an old native name of the region.

Philippines

Main articles:

Etymology of the Philippines and Names of the Philippines

"Lands of

name itself is Greek (Φίλιππος, Phílippos) and means "lover of horses".^[276]

Sultanate of Brunei as Maidh.^[283]

St. Lazarus Islands, a former name: from the Spanish name Las islas de San Lázaro bestowed by

St. Lazarus of Bethany

.

Islands of the West, a former name: from the Spanish name Las islas de Poniente, adopted in order to assert their ownership by Spain under the terms of the

Portuguese, who (correctly, as it happens) felt the islands fell within their sphere, instead called them Ilhas do oriente ("Islands of the East"). As the problem of longitude had not been solved, and as the islands had no spice to attract conflict, López de Legazpi

successfully colonized the islands for Philip II in 1565.

Katagalugan, an alternate name: "Land of the river dwellers", used by the Katipunan,^{[clarification needed][citation needed]} originally in reference to the Tagalog-speaking areas only.

Poland

Main articles:

Etymology of Poland and Names of Poland

"Land of Polans", the territory of the tribe of Polans (Polanie). When the Polans formed a united Poland in the 10th century, this name also came into use for the whole Polish country. The name "Poland" (Polska) expressed both meanings until, in the 13th/14th century, the original territory of the Polans became known as Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) instead. The name of the tribe comes probably from Polish pole: "field" or "open field".

Lengyelország (Hungarian), Lenkija (Lithuanian), لهستان Lahestân (Persian) all derive from the Old Ruthenian or Old Polish ethnonym lęděnin (possibly "man ploughing virgin soil") and its augmentative lęch.

Portugal

Main article:

Etymology of Portugal

From medieval

Douro River in pre-Roman times. The etymology of their name is also unknown, but may have been related to the divine hag Cailleach

.

• Celtic
  origin, as Lus and Tanus, "tribe of Lusus".

Q

Qatar

Main article:

Etymology of Qatar

Derives from Qatara, believed to refer to the

Arab

world. In the early 20th century, English speakers often pronounced Qatar as "Cutter", close to the local pronunciation in Qatar. However, the traditional English pronunciation ("Kuh-tahr") has prevailed.

R

Romania

Main article: Name of Romania

"Roman Realm". The Roman Empire conquered a large part of the country, and the inhabitants became Romanized (Romanians). Older variants of the name include Rumania and (in a French-influenced spelling) Roumania. The term român (the ethnic group of Romanians) comes from the Latin term romanus, which means Roman, so the name Romania was adopted to accentuate the Latin origin of Romanian people and language. The term was first used during the leadership of Carol I, whose 1866 constitution declared Romania the country's official name.

• Dacia, older name and Latin variant: named after the ancient people the Dacians.
• walh. Later also used for the Romanized tribes. This Germanic form derives from the name of the Celtic tribe of Volcae. Compare with the etymologies of Wales and Wallonia
  .

Russia

Main articles:

Rus (name)

English and Russian: from Rosia or Rossiya, from the

pseudoetymologies. See also Sweden

below.

• Latvian: Krievija, named after the ancient Krivichs tribe, related to the modern Belarusians.
• Vene or Venemaa (
  Venedes
  .

Rwanda

"Large or big", from the

mwamis descended from Ruganzu Ndori^[286] or the speakers of Kinyarwanda. Rwanda means a big country. Historically Rwanda expanded from Gasabo (a tiny locality near Lake Muhazi

) to the entire territory as it was known before the Berlin conference. Rwanda's zone of influence expanded to southern parts of Uganda, western parts of Tanzania and eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).

S

Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

Main article:

Etymology of Sahrawi

After the

Sahrawi people. Their territory is disputed with Morocco, who claim the region as their Western Sahara

territory.

Western Sahara, the name of the territory it claims: After its geographic position. "Sahara" derives from the Arabic aṣ-Ṣaḥrā' (الصحراء), meaning "desert".

Spanish Sahara, a former name: from its previous occupation by Spain.

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Main article:

Etymology of Saint Kitts and Nevis

St. Kitts took its name in honour of Saint Christopher, the patron saint of travelling. Christopher Columbus

probably named the island for Saint Christopher, though this remains uncertain. British sailors later shortened the name to St. Kitts.

Nevis derives from the Spanish phrase Nuestra Señora de las Nieves, which means "Our Lady of the Snows", after the permanent halo of white clouds that surrounded mountains on the island.

Saint Lucia

"

Latin, for the shipwreck upon the island of French

sailors on St. Lucy's Day, 13 December 1502.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Saint Vincent: bestowed by Christopher Columbus for their discovery on St. Vincent's Day, 22 January 1498.

The

Spanish city of Granada. (See Grenada

)

Samoa

"Holy Center", from a compound of the Samoan sa ("sacred") and moa ("center").^{[citation needed]}

The name is alternatively derived from a local chieftain named Samoa^{[citation needed]} or an indigenous word meaning "place of the moa", a now-extinct bird.^{[citation needed]}

San Marino

"

Arbe in modern-day Croatia

to order to escape Roman persecution.

São Tomé and Príncipe

São Tomé: "

Saint Thomas

" in Portuguese, for its discovery on St. Thomas Day, 21 December 1470 or 1471.

Príncipe: "Prince" in Portuguese, from shortening its original name Ilha do Principe ("Isle of the Prince") in reference to the

Prince of Portugal to whom duties on the island's sugar crop were paid.^{[citation needed}

]

Saudi Arabia

Main articles:

Etymology of Arabia, and Etymology of Arab

Named after

Arabia itself from the Latin name, of uncertain though probably Semitic etymology, although as early as Ancient Egypt the region was known as Ar Rabi.^[287]

Kingdom of Scotland

See List of etymologies of administrative divisions: Scotland

"Land of the Scots", from the Latin "Scoti" as recorded by the Romans to refer to the Gaels of then Ireland and western Scotland, the later of which were later conquered by but then assimilated the Picts to form the medieval Kingdom. The use of Scot- to refer to Gaels of Ireland gradually stopped.

Celtic

name for Britain.

Senegal

Main article:

Etymology of Senegal

From the Senegal river. After a Portuguese variant of the name of the Berber

Senhaja) tribe, which dominated much of the area to the north of modern Senegal, i.e. present-day Mauritania

.

Serbia

Main articles:

Etymology of Serbia and Names of the Serbs and Serbia

The exact origin of the name is uncertain (see Names of the Serbs and Serbia). The name of the Sorbs in present-day Germany has the same origin.

Serbia and Montenegro

Self-descriptive, from its two constituent states. For the etymology of each, see Montenegro and Serbia above.

Seychelles

Named after

Louis XV of France

from 1754 to 1756.

Sierra Leone

"Lion Mountains". (Terra Leone) Adapted from Sierra Leona, the Spanish version of the Portuguese Serra Leoa. The Portuguese explorer

teeth of a lion

, that they looked like sleeping lions, or that thunder which broke out around the mountains sounded like a lion's roar.

Singapore

Main articles:

Etymology of Singapore and Names of Singapore

"Lion City", from Singapura (in Malay) derives from Sanskrit word simhapura (Sanskrit: सिंहपुर). Singapore is the anglicized form of the Malay name, which is still in use today,^[288] along with variants in Chinese and Tamil. The lion, or what became the legendary Merlion, usually depicts Sang Nila Utama's discovery of the island Temasek, from Malay or Javanese root tasik, meaning lake.^[289]

Slovakia

Main article:

Etymology of Slav

See also Czechoslovakia above.

From the Slavic "Slavs". The origin of the word Slav itself remains uncertain.

Slovenia

Main article:

Slavic peoples § Origin of the term Slav

"Land of the Slavs" in Slovene and other South Slavic languages. The etymology of Slav itself remains uncertain. Some etymologists believe that the part -ven refers to the ancient Germanic tribes of the Venetii who supposedly also gave their name to the city of Venice.^{[citation needed]}

Solomon Islands

Named for the

Alvaro de Mendaña y Neyra in 1567 or 1568. The name was bestowed after the legendary wealth of King Solomon's mines, which Mendaña y Neyra hoped to find.^{[citation needed}

]

Somalia

Main article:

Etymology of Somalia

"Land of the Somali". Somali itself is of uncertain etymology, although some have proposed a derivation from sac maal ("cattle herders") or a legendary patriarch named Samaale.

South Africa

Main article: List of continent name etymologies

Self-descriptive, from its location in Africa. For the etymology of Africa, see

list of continent-name etymologies

.

Suid-Afrika, a local endonym: "South Africa" in Afrikaans

white

-minority rule of the country used the name Azania in place of "South Africa" . The origin of this name remains uncertain, but the name has referred to various parts of sub-Saharan East-Africa. Recently, two suggestions for the origin of the word have emerged. The first cites the Arabic 'ajam ("foreigner, non-Arab"). The second references the Greek verb azainein ("to dry, parch"), which fits the identification of Azania with arid sub-Saharan Africa.

Mzansi, an alternative endonym: a popular, widespread nickname among locals, used often in parlance but never officially adopted. (uMzantsi in

isiXhosa

means "south".)

South Korea

Self-descriptive, from its location in the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. For the etymology of Korea, see Korea above.

South Sudan

Self-descriptive, from its former position within Sudan before independence in 2011. For the etymology of Sudan, see Sudan below.

Spain

Main article:

Etymology of Spain

"Island of

Punic ʾÎ-šəpānîm (אי שפנים), probably from mistaking rabbits

for the African hyrax.

Sri Lanka

Main articles:

Etymology of Sri Lanka and Names of Sri Lanka

"Holy Island", from

Sri (श्री, "holy", "resplendent") and Lanka (लंका, "island"). "Lanka" was also the name of the capital of King Ravana in the sanskrit epic Ramayana

.

Ceylon, a former name: From Ceilão (Portuguese), Seilan (former names), from the

Pali

शिन्हल Sinhalana meaning "land of the lions".

Helanka, its name in Sinhala: "Lanka of Hela's", "Heladiva" (Sinhala) meaning the "Island of Hela's", since original natives of the island was called "Hela".

Serendip, a former name: derived from the sihalan-dip, meaning "the island of sihala's or originally "Hela's" Or from "swaran-dip", meaning "golden island".

Taproben, a former name: changed from dip-Raawan, meaning "the island of King Rawana"

Sudan

"Land of the Black people", from the Arabic bilad as-sudan (بلاد السودان), which originally^{[citation needed]} referred to most of the Sahel region.

Suriname

Main article:

Etymology of Suriname

After the Surinen people, the earliest known native American inhabitants of the region.

Swaziland

See Eswatini above.

Sweden

Main articles:

Etymology of Sweden and Name of Sweden

"Swedes", an old English plural form of Swede.^[

Sviþjoð. The etymology of the first element, Svi, links to the PIE *suos ("one's own", "of one's own kin"). The last element, þjoð, means "people", cognate with deut in Deutsch and teut in Teutons

.

Sverige, a local endonym: "Swedish Realm" (modern Swedish: Svea Rike).

Rootsi (Estonian) and Ruotsi (Finnish): named after the Roslagen region in Sweden, ultimately from Old Norse rods-, "row" or "rower". See also Russia above.

Switzerland

Main articles:

Etymology of Switzerland and Name of Switzerland

From the toponym Schwyz first attested AD 972 as Suittes, derived from an Alemannic proper name Suito.

Latin, after a Celtic people known to the Romans as the Helvetii

.

Syria

Main article: Name of Syria

Meaning unknown. From the Ancient Greek Syria (Συρία). Probably related to syriac. Syriac people descend from big old "Syria" which involved modern Syria, Lebanon, south of modern Turkey and north of current Iraq.

Not to be confused with Assyria (Assyrians: Arabic: "ashouriyin" آشوريين / Syriac: Arabic: "sourian" سريان

Not to be confused with Syrians: Arabic "souriyin" سوريين which stands for the people of current Syria

T

Taiwan

"Taiwan" is the shorthand common name for the Republic of China since 1949, even though it was also referred internationally in some contexts as "China" as late as the 1970s.

Tayowan was the name of a coastal sandbank (now Anping in the city of Tainan) where the Dutch East India Company built Fort Zeelandia, the headquarters of their colony on the island.^[290] The name may have originally referred to an aboriginal tribe in the area. The present Chinese name (臺灣, pinyin: Táiwān) conveys the meaning "Terraced Bay", but older versions such as 臺員 have entirely different meanings and suggest that the Chinese is merely a transcription of the older name.^[291]

Formosa ("beautiful" in Portuguese), a poetic and former name.

Tajikistan

Main article:

Etymology of Tajikistan

"Home of the

Tibetan

Tag Dzig, meaning "Persian" and "tiger" or "leopard".)

Tanzania

"Land of Tanganyika and Zanzibar", a blend and simplification of the original name – "United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar" – assumed upon independence in 1964

Tanganyika was named for its lake, of uncertain etymology. Sir Richard Francis Burton derived it from the local tou tanganyka, "to join" in the sense "where waters meet." Henry Stanley derived it from tonga ("island") and hika ("flat").

Zanzibar was an Arabic name meaning "

Arabic: زنجبار, Zanjibār, from Persian: زنگبار, Zangibar^[293][294]

)

Thailand

Main article:

Etymology of Thailand

"Land of the Thai" (

pseudoetymology derives the demonym from the word thai (ไท

) meaning "freedom".

Ratcha Anachak Thai (

endonym

, meaning "Royal Domain of Thailand"

Siam (

Pāli toponym Suvarnabhumi (शुभर्नभुमि, "Land of Gold").^{[citation needed]} Another traces it – along with the Shan and A-hom – from Sanskrit Śyâma (श्याम, "dark").^[296]

Togo

"By the water"^[297] or "behind the sea",^[298] derived from Ewe to ("water") and go ("shore"). Originally it just referred to the town of Togo (now Togoville), later the Germans extended the name to the whole nation.^[298]

Tonga

Main article:

Etymology of Tonga

"South" or "Southern" in Samoan, in reference to their position relative to Samoa.

• British Captain James Cook
  in 1773 after the friendliness and hospitality of the people he met on the islands.

Trinidad and Tobago

Main article:

Etymology of Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad, from Spanish La Isla de la Trinidad ("Island of the

Holy Trinity"). The name was bestowed by Christopher Columbus to fulfill a vow he had made before setting out on his third voyage.^[299]

Tobago, of uncertain etymology, but probably from the tobacco grown and smoked by the natives.

Iere, the former

Arawak name for Trinidad according to historian E.L. Joseph, who derived it from ierèttê or yerettê, meaning "hummingbird".^{[citation needed]} Others have claimed the Arawak word for hummingbird was tukusi or tucuchi^{[citation needed]} and that iere or kairi simply means "island".^{[citation needed}

]

Tunisia

Main articles:

Etymology of Tunis

"Land of

Berber ens, meaning "to lie down" or "to rest".^[303]

Turkey

Main article: Name of Turkey

"Land of the

Arabic Turkiyye, an ethnic group whose name derives from their endonym Türk

("created"). Some historical use:

• The Greek
  Magyars.^[306]
• The Ottoman Empire was sometimes referred to as Turkey or the Turkish Empire among its contemporaries.^[307]
• The medieval Khazar Empire, a Turkic state on the northern shores of the Black and Caspian seas, was referred to as Tourkia ("land of the Turks") in Byzantine sources.^[308]
• Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
  is known in local language as "Sulṭanat Misr al-Mamālīk Dawla al-Turkiyya"

Turkmenistan

"Home (

Arabic: إيمان, "faith, belief") in reference to a mass conversion of two hundred thousand households in 971 (AH 349).^[311]

Tuvalu

"Eight Islands" or "eight standing with each other" in Tuvaluan. (Tuvalu consists of nine islands, but only eight of them were traditionally inhabited before Niulakita was settled in 1949.)

Edward Ellice, Sr., a British politician and merchant, who owned the cargo of the ship Rebecca which sighted the islands in 1819. The name was abandoned for the endonym Tuvalu upon separation from the Gilbert Islands (modern Kiribati

) in 1975.

U

Uganda

Uganda is named after the Buganda Kingdom which occupies the central region of the country. The word "Buganda" is derived from "muganda" which means "a bundle" or "united as in a bundle" in the Buganda language. The "Bu-" prefix in Buganda means "land" pronounced with a soft "b" sound. In Swahili it became "Uganda" as Swahili does not have a soft "b" sound. The final pronunciation of Uganda is the English pronunciation. So "Uganda" actually means "land of the united peoples".

Ukraine

Main article: Name of Ukraine

"Edge, borderland" from the Slavic kraj or okraina

"Land, country" from the Slavic kraj or krajna

"Ruthenia"

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Translated from the Russian Soyuz Sovietskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik (Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик) adopted in December 1922 during the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.

The word

Communist planning committees,^{[citation needed}

] it is used in English untranslated.

Soviet Union, an alternate name: A shortened form of the above (Советский Союз, Sovietsky Soyuz).

United Arab Emirates

Self-descriptive, from the

Arabic

.

which?] between the United Kingdom and the local sheikhs

.

United Kingdom

Main articles:

Terminology of Great Britain

For the etymologies of the UK's constituent countries, see List of United Kingdom county name etymologies

Self-descriptive; short-form name of "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", in reference to the island of Great Britain and the country of Northern Ireland. Adopted in 1927 from the realm's previous name, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, following the 1922 creation of the Irish Free State (present-day Ireland).

Albion, a previous and poetic name: From a

white cliffs of Dover.^{[citation needed}

]

Britain, an alternate name: From

pseudoetymology mentioned by Geoffrey of Monmouth traced the name to the Trojan exile Brutus

.

Great Britain, an alternate name: "Larger Britain", from

Mediaeval Latin Britannia Maior, first recorded by Geoffrey of Monmouth, who employed it to distinguish the island from Britannia Minor ("Little Britain"), or Brittany in modern France. In classical times, the Graeco-Roman geographer Ptolemy in his Almagest also called the island megale Brettania (great Britain), contrasting it at that time to the smaller island of Ireland, which he called mikra Brettania (little Britain).^[312]

Kingdom of Great Britain, a former name: Self-descriptive, employed following the union of the English and Scottish crowns (1707) and prior to the union with Ireland (1801).

United Kingdom, an alternate name: a shortened form of the realm's official names above and below, although note that "united kingdom" was used as a description but not the name of the kingdom formed by legally joining the Kingdoms of England and Scotland previously held in personal union by the House of Stuart.^[313]

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, a previous name: Adopted in 1801 from the previous names of the two kingdoms, Great Britain and Ireland, following British and Irish legislation converting the personal union of the British and Irish crowns into a single sovereign state. The name was emended to its present form in 1927, five years after the creation of the Irish Free State (present-day Ireland).

United States

Main article:

Etymology of the United States

See also: List of state and territory name etymologies of the United States and Lists of U.S. county name etymologies

Self-descriptive, although note that – similar to the original "united Kingdom of Great Britain" above – the

United States Constitution, however, whose preamble describes the "United States". Similarly, the grammatical number of the name has changed over time: common usage before the American Civil War was to reference "these United States"^{[citation needed}

] whereas modern usage has "the United States".

United States of America, the full name: As above. For the etymology of America, see list of continent name etymologies.

Uruguay

Main article:

Etymology of Uruguay

"Land beside the

Guaraní

, although the precise meaning is unknown. Some derive it from urugua ("shellfish") and i ("water"), others from uru (a kind of bird in the region), gua ("proceed from"), and i.

Uzbekistan

"Home of the Free", from an

Turkic: "master", "bey in modern Turkish"), and -stan

(Persian: "land of").

V

Vanuatu

"Our Land", in Bislama

New Hebrides, a former name: bestowed by the British captain James Cook in 1774 in honor of the Hebrides in Scotland

Vatican City

"City on

Latin Civitas Vaticana, from the site of the territory remaining to the state after the mid-19th-century Unification of Italy

and upon its 1929 reestablishment. The name of the hill itself came from the Latin Mons Vaticanus, from the name of the surrounding lands ager vaticanus, from the verb vaticinari ("to prophesy"), in reference to the fortune-tellers and soothsayers who used the streets in the area during Roman times.

Pope of Alexandria

to denote his leadership over the church. "State" distinguished this realm and its administration from the church and papacy's lands in other realms and from the administration of the church itself.

Latin pontifex, was carried over from the Romans' pontifex maximus

, a high priest whose name is generally understood to mean "bridge-maker" (pons + -fex, "builder", "maker", from facio, "build", "make").

Latin ecclesia, from the Ancient Greek ékklēsía (έκκλησία, "church", originally "assembly"), from ekklētos ("called out") from ekkalein (ἐκκαλεῖν, a compound

of ek-, "out", and kalein, "call").

Venezuela

Main article:

Etymology of Venezuela

"Little Venice", from Italian Venezuola, the diminutive of Venezia (Italian: "Venice"), for the native stilt-houses built on Lake Maracaibo which reminded the explorers Alonso de Ojeda and Amerigo Vespucci of buildings in Venice.

Vietnam

Main articles:

Etymology of Vietnam, Names of Vietnam, and Baiyue

"Viet South" (

Bao Dai's imperial government in Hue and by Ho Chi Minh's Viet Minh government in Hanoi.^[319]

Y

Yemen

Main article:

Etymology of Yemen

Uncertain etymology, most probably from

Arabic ymn (يمن). Some claim^{[citation needed]} it comes from yamīn (يَمين, "right-hand side" in the sense of "south"^[320]). Others^{[citation needed]} that it comes from the form yumn (يُمْن, "happiness") and is related to the region's classical name Arabia Felix

.

Yugoslavia

Main article:

Etymology of Yugoslavia

"Land of the South Slavs" in Serbo-Croatian and Slovene, Jugoslavija, in reference to the Slavic peoples south of Hungary and Romania.

Z

Zambia

Main articles:

Name of Rhodesia

"Land of the Zambezi", which flows through the east of the country and also forms its border with Zimbabwe.

Northern Rhodesia, a former name: From the division of Rhodesia, Neo-Latin for "Land of Rhodes", the British South African minister and businessman who helped found the colony through his involvement with the British South Africa Company.

Zimbabwe

Main articles:

Name of Rhodesia

"House of Stones", Dzimba-dze-mabwe in Shona,^{[citation needed]} in reference to Great Zimbabwe.

Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia, former names: see Zambia above. The country was also briefly known as Zimbabwe Rhodesia between 1979 and 1980.

See also

• List of ISO 3166 country codes
• List of etymologies of administrative divisions
• List of continent name etymologies
• List of places named after people
• List of countries named after people
• Lists of etymologies
• List of double placenames
• Toponymy
• Etymology

Further reading

• Room, Adrian. Placenames of the World, Origins and Meanings. McFarland and Company, Inc, Publishers, 1997.
  ISBN 0-7864-0172-9

References

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210. ^ Pliny. Naturalis Historia. IV.26, VI.14.^{[verification needed]}
211. ^ Pomponius Mela. De Sita Orb. i.2, & 50; ii.1, & 44, 102.
212. ISBN 0-472-08452-6
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215. ^ ^{a b} Oxford English Dictionary. "Germany".
216. ISBN 3-525-20768-9
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217. ^ Jackson, John G. Introduction to African Civilizations, p. 201. 2001.
218. Meteorologica, I.xiv
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219. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
220. ^ Strabo. v. 4.
221. ^ ^{a b} Fox, Robin Lane. Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer, pp. 140 ff. 2008.
222. ^ The Parian marble. "Entry #6".
223. ^ R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 285.
224. ^ R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 267.
225. ^ Homer. Iliad. Book 2, ll. 681–685.
226. ^ Campbell, Lyle. American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America, p. 378 n. 10. Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1997.
227. ^ ^{a b} Bovill, Edward Wm. The Golden Trade of the Moors: West African Kingdoms in the Fourteenth Century. Weiner (Princeton), 1995.
228. ^ Leo Africanus. The History and Description of Africa and of the Notable Things Therein. Vol. III, 822. 1526.
229. ^ GuineeConakry.info. "Histoire de Conakry Archived 25 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine". (in French)
230. ^ Oxford English Dictionary. "Guyana".
231. ^ "El Almirante Christoval Colon Descubre la Isla Española, ÿ haze poner una Cruz, etc. – JCB Archive of Early American Images". Lunacommons.org. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
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233. ISBN 9637094016. Archived from the original
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234. ISBN 978-0-88755-370-7
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235. ^ Einar Pálsson (1981). Arfur Kelta (in Icelandic). Reykjavík: Mímir. p. 36.
236. Kālikā Purāna
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237. ^ MacKenzie, David Niel (1998). "Ērān, Ērānšahr". Encyclopedia Iranica. Vol. 8. Costa Mesa: Mazda. Archived from the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2019. ^{[verification needed]}
238. ^ "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica".
239. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary. "Kenya." Accessed 10 September 2011.
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243. ISBN 978-0-7864-1814-5
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245. ISBN 967-61-1809-5
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248. ^ "Controversy over unique Maltese bee population". Malta Today. 6 February 2008. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012.
249. ISBN 978-1-85532-603-3.^{[permanent dead link}
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250. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
251. ^ National University of Mongolia, School of Social Sciences, Department of History (1999). "2. Хүний үүсэл, Монголчуудын үүсэл гарвал" [2. Origins of Humanity; Origins of the Mongols]. Монгол улсын түүх [History of Mongolia] (in Mongolian). Admon. pp. 67–69.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
252. Rouran
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253. ^ ^{a b} Svantesson, Jan-Olov & al. The Phonology of Mongolian, pp. 103–105. Oxford Univ. Press (Oxford), 2005.
254. ISBN 0-7748-0366-5
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255. ^ Baxter, Wm. H. & Sagart, Laurent. "Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction". Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. (1.93 MB). 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
256. ^ see: Online Etymology Dictionary on Nether However, the explanation given in this source about the origin of the word Nederlanden as used "by the Austrians" in contradistinction to their own mountainous country, is extremely implausible, if only because the use of the word antedates the Austrian Netherlands by two centuries at least. Austria itself has a Niederösterreich region (Lower Austria) that is quite mountainous, but derives its name from its downriver location.
257. ^ Duke, A. (2009). Dissident identities in the early modern Low Countries. Ashgate Publishing.
258. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary. "Holland".
259. ^ Atlas A-Z. New York City: Dorling Kindersley. 2004. p. 289.
260. ^ Μακεδονία, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon, on Perseus
261. ^ Macedonia, Online Etymology Dictionary
262. ^ μακεδνός, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon, on Perseus
263. ^ μάκρος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon, on Perseus
264. ^ Macedonia, Online Etymology Dictionary
265. ^ Pliny the Elder. Natural History, VI.149.
266. Ptolemy, Claudius. Geography
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267. ^ ^{a b} Encyclopedia of Islam. "Oman". E.J. Brill (Leiden), 1913.
268. ^ Tarikh fi Uman [Oman in History].
269. ^ Choudhary Rahmat Ali (28 January 1933). "Now or never: Are we to live or perish for ever?". Columbia University. Retrieved 4 December 2007.
270. ^ Choudhary Rahmat Ali (28 January 1933). "Now or Never. Are we to live or perish forever?". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
271. ISBN 978-81-7156-374-6
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272. ^ Rahmat Ali. "Rahmat Ali ::Now or Never". The Pakistan National Movement. p. 2. Archived from the original on 19 April 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
273. S2CID 157454140
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274. ^ Belau National Museum, cited by Pelnar, Bonnie. "The Bais of Balau". Retrieved 22 September 2011.
275. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary (Palestine)
276. ^ Liddell, Henry George & al. "Φίλιππος"
277. History of Song
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278. Zhao Rugua. 蕃
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279. ^
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280. ISSN 1882-7756. Archived from the original
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281. ISBN 971-10-0226-4
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282. ^ Go, Bon Juan (2005). "Ma'I in Chinese Records – Mindoro or Bai? An Examination of a Historical Puzzle". Philippine Studies. 53 (1). Ateneo de Manila: 119–138. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013.
283. ^ Nicholl, Robert. "Brunei Rediscovered". Brunei Museum Journal, Vol. 4 (1980).
284. ISBN 978-0-631-21849-4
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285. ISBN 0-299-20124-4
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286. ISBN 0-299-20124-4
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287. ^ Budge. An Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. II.
288. ^ "Merlion Park". Retrieved 4 December 2015.
289. ^ "Sentosa Merlion". Sentosa. Archived from the original on 9 October 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
290. LCCN 04007338quoting Pieter Nuyts (February 10, 1629).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link
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291. Mair, Victor H. (2003). "How to Forget Your Mother Tongue and Remember Your National Language"
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293. ISBN 0-19-713559-5
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294. ISBN 1-56859-031-8
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295. ^ จิตร ภูมิศักดิ์ 1976: "ความเป็นมาของคำสยาม ไทย ลาวและขอม และลักษณะทางสังคม ของชื่อชนชาติ" (Phumisak, Jid). "The Origin of the Siamese Words for Thai, Laotian and Khmer and Societal Characteristics for Nation-names." 1976.
296. Khotan
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297. ISBN 978-0-7614-7168-4
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298. ^ ^{a b} Dawnay, Guy Payan (1926). The Army Quarterly. William Clowes & Sons, Ltd. p. 315. In the Ewe language the name Togo means "Behind the Sea," and it was extended to the whole country by the Germans, owing to the fact that Dr. Nachtigal's first treaty in 1884 was made with the Chief of Togo.
299. ^ Hart, Marie. The New Trinidad and Tobago, p. 13. Collins (London and Glasgow), 1972.
300. ISBN 0-7864-2248-3
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301. ISBN 978-0-559-29668-0
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302. ISBN 90-04-08265-4
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303. ^ Rossi, Peter M.; White, Wayne Edward (1980). Articles on the Middle East, 1947–1971: A Cumulation of the Bibliographies from the Middle East Journal. Pierian Press, University of Michigan. p. 132.
304. Siret River (or even the Eastern Carpathian Mountains
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305. ISBN 978-3-447-04146-1
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306. ISBN 978-1-60520-134-4
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307. ^ Imber, Colin. "The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650, The Structure of Power" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
308. ^ Öztürk, Özhan (2011). "Pontus: Antik Çağ'dan Günümüze Karadeniz'in Etnik ve Siyasi Tarihi". Ankara: Genesis Yayınları. p. 364. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. ... Greek term Tourkoi first used for the Khazars in 568 AD. In addition in "De Administrando Imperio" Hungarians call Tourkoi too once known as Sabiroi ...
309. ISBN 9985-4-4152-9
310. ^ US Library of Congress Country Studies. "Turkmenistan."
311. ^ Ibn Kathir al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya. (in Arabic)
312. ^ Claudius Ptolemy (1898). "Ἕκθεσις τῶν κατὰ παράλληλον ἰδιωμάτων: κβ',κε'" (PDF). In Heiberg, J.L. (ed.). Claudii Ptolemaei Opera quae exstant omnia. Vol. 1 Syntaxis Mathematica. Leipzig: in aedibus B.G.Teubneri. pp. 112–113.
313. ^ Parliament of England. The Acts of Union, paragraphs II, III, and IV. 1707. Op. cit. Kerney, Hugh F. The British Isles: A History of Four Nations, p. 215. 2006.
314. ^ Nhu Trong Trung Bon Thi. "An Introduction to Vietology Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine", p. 3.
315. ^
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316. ^ If the Baiyue did in fact exist prior to the destruction of Yue in 338 BC, this would disprove the folk etymology that connects the word to this event.
317. ISBN 978-0-8047-3354-0
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318. ^ Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm. "Sấm Trạng Trình". Việt Nam khởi tổ xây nền ("Vietnam is being created")
319. ^ ^{a b} Tonnesson, Stein & Antlov, Hans. Asian Forms of the Nation, p. 126. Routledge, 1996.
320. Arabic and Hebrew
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