Epic-Puranic royal genealogies
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The
Cyclic time and yugas
The Puranas are oriented at a cyclical understanding of time. They contain stories about the creation and destruction of the world, and the yugas (ages).[2] There are four yugas in one cycle:
- Satya Yuga (a time of truth and righteousness)
- Treta Yuga
- Dvapara Yuga
- Kali Yuga (a time of darkness and non-virtue)
According to the Manusmriti (c. 2nd CE),[3] one of the earliest known texts describing the yugas, the length of each yuga is 4800, 3600, 2400 and 1200 years of the gods, respectively, giving a total of 12,000 divine years to complete one cycle. For human years, they are multiplied by 360 giving 1,728,000, 1,296,000, 864,000 and 432,000 years, respectively, giving a total of 4,320,000 human years. These four yugas have a length ratio of 4:3:2:1.[4]
The Bhagavata Purana [3.11.18-20] (c. 500-1000 CE) gives a matching description of the yuga lengths in divine years.
The Kali Yuga is the present yuga. According to Puranic sources, Krishna's departure marks the end of Dvapara Yuga and the start of Kali Yuga,[note 1] which is dated to 17/18 February 3102 BCE,[5][6] twenty years after the Bharata War.[7]
Vaivasvata Manu and the Solar and Lunar Dynasties
The Solar dynasty and Lunar dynasty were two legendary principal dynasties of the Kshatriyas varna, or warrior–ruler class mentioned in the ancient Indian texts.
The present Kalpa is called
According to
The Lunar dynasty (
Satya Yuga
The Great Flood at the end of Chakshusa
which later becomes the generic name for the kings of Videha.The
The lunar line again splits into two after the reign of Ayus, the eldest son of Pururavas.
Nahusa's son and successor
Immediately after Yadu, the Yadava dynasty is bifurcated – the main line continued by Krosti and the independent line of
Soon thereafter, the Druhyu king Gandhara retires to the northwest (modern
The Haihaya king Krtavirya had the
In the solar line, Trayyaruna, a near contemporary of Gadhi and Krtavirya, ruled the kingdom of Ayodhya at this time. On the counsel of his priest
The rivalry of Visvamitra and Vasistha continues even during the reign of
In the Haihaya line, Krtavirya was succeeded by his son Arjuna Kartavirya, who was a mighty king. After a long reign he has dissension with Jamadagni. As a result,
After Kartavirya, the Haihayas divided into five collateral tribes – the Talajanghas, the Vitihotras, the Avantyas, Tudikeras and Jatas. They attack Ayodhya and drive king Bahu from the throne.
Sagara had sixty thousand sons who insult Kapila rsi and are, in turn, reduced to ashes by him. Therefore, Sagara is succeeded by his grandson Amsuman on the throne of Ayodhya.[37] With the reign of Sagara, the Satya Yuga comes to an end.
Treta Yuga
After a long eclipse (corresponding to the ascendency of the solar dynasty under Mandhata), the Paurava line is revived by
Soon after Hastin, the Bharata dynasty is divided into four separate lines – the most well-known being the main Paurava line and the Pancala line. The Pancala king
The solar line once again ascends under the benevolent kingship of
With Rama's disappearance, the Treta Yuga comes to a close and the Dvapara Yuga commences. After Rama the solar dynasty goes into permanent decline.
Dvapara Yuga
The Yadava line is once again split into two separate lines after the reign of Bhima, the son of Satvat by his sons
The Pancala Bharata dynasty under its king Srnjaya now rises to prominence. His son Cyavana-Pijavana was a great warrior and the latter's son, Sudas, annexed several kingdoms. A confederacy of the kings of the Pauravas, the Yadavas, the Sivis, the Druhyus, the Matsyas, the Turvasus and others, is formed against Sudas, who defeats them in a great battle near the river Parusni. This is called the Battle of the Ten Kings.[45] The bulk of hymns (Book II-IX) represents only 5 to 6 generations of kings (and of contemporary poets) of this dynasty.[46]
The Paurava line continues through Ajamidha, the son of Hasti. In his line, king
The next famous king in the Kaurava line is Pratipa. His son,
Santanu's grandsons were
Subsequently, the Yadavas are themselves engulfed in civil war, and Krishna withdraws to the life of an ascetic in the forest. Here he is accidentally shot and killed by a hunter.
Kali Yuga
Nicaksu, sixth in line from Pariksita, transfers his capital from Hastinapura to
In Magadha, the descendants of Brhadratha and Jarasandha retain the throne till they are replaced by the Sisunaga dynasty, which among others include the famous kings
According to the Mahabharata, the Kali Yuga will close with the coming of Kalki, at which point the Satya Yuga will recommence.[58][note 2]
Genealogies as a source of actual history
Historian
Like Pargiter, she divides the Puru lineage into three distinct phases, connecting phase I (from Manu to Bharata) with the
Thapar concludes, however more cautiously,[note 3] by considering the problem of chronology (archaeological evidence versus "traditional" chronology) and the question of identifying the Indo-Aryan speakers, phase I (up to Bharata) being understood as a pre-Indo-Aryan lineage, which was taken over later into the tradition of the Aryan-speaking people.[59]
Notes
- Wilson, H. H. (1895). The Vishnu Purana. S.P.C.K. Press. p. 61.. Motilal Banarsidass. 1955. p. 515.
(5.38.8) The Parijata tree proceeded to heaven, and on the same day that Hari [Krishna] departed from the earth the dark-bodied Kali age descended.
* Brahma Purana Part 2(2.103.8) It was on the day on which Krishna left the Earth and went to heaven that the Kali age, with time for its body set in.
- ^ "And when those terrible times will be over, the creation will begin anew. … the Krita age will begin again. … And commissioned by Time, a Brahmana of the name of Kalki will take his birth. And he will glorify Vishnu and possess great energy, great intelligence, and great prowess. … And he will restore order and peace in this world crowded with creatures and contradictory in its course. … And he will be the Destroyer of all, and will inaugurate a new Yuga."
- ^ Thapar: "The attempt to link the Puru and Yadava lineages with certain archaeological cultures ... has resulted in some echoes of identification, but nothing more definite than that can be said at this point. The identification remains speculative"
References
- ^ a b Klostermaier (2007), p. 59.
- ^ Rocher 1986, pp. 123–124.
- ^ Olivelle 2005, pp. 24–25.
- ^ Olivelle 2005, pp. 90, 240 (1.61), 241 (1.70-71).
- ^ Matchett, Freda. "The Puranas". In Flood (2003), p. 139.
- ^ Yano, Michio. "Calendar, astrology and astronomy". In Flood (2003), p. 390.
- ^ Singh 2008, p. 22.
- ^ Mazumdar 2008, p. 161.
- ISBN 978-8-12881-174-6.
- ^ Thapar 2013, p. 308.
- ^ A. K. Warder (1972). An Introduction to Indian Historiography. Popular Prakashan. pp. 21–22.
- ^ Satapatha Brahmana, I.8.1
- ^ Mahabharata, III.185
- ^ Bhagavata Purana, VIII.24
- ^ Visnu Purana, IV.5
- ^ Visnu Purana, IV.6
- ^ a b c Visnu Purana, IV.7
- ^ Mahabharata, V.9-18
- ^ Mahabharata, I.76-93
- ^ Visnu Purana, IV.10
- ^ Mahabharata, III.126
- ^ Visnu Purana, IV.2
- ^ a b Visnu Purana, IV.18
- ^ Mahabharata, I.178
- ^ Mahabharata, III.115
- ^ Vayu Purana, 88.78-116
- ^ Ramayana, I.51-56
- ^ Ramayana, I.57-60
- ^ Aitareya Brahmana, VII.15-18
- ^ Ramayana, I.61-62
- ^ Mahabharata, XIII.3
- ^ Aitareya Brahmana, VII.18
- ^ Ramayana, I.65
- ^ Mahabharata, III.115-117
- ^ a b Visnu Purana, IV.3
- ^ Mahabharata, XIII.30
- ^ Ramayana, I.38-41
- ^ Ramayana, I.42-44
- ^ Mahabharata, III.50-78
- ^ Mahabharata, I.62-69
- ^ Vishnu Purana, IV.19
- ^ Rigveda, I.112.14; I.116.18
- ^ Ramayana, I.48
- ^ Raghuvaṃśa of Kālidāsa - Edited with extracts & Notes etc by Narayan Ram Acharya Kavyatirtha, Chaukhambha Publishers, Varanasi, 2nd ed (2002)
- ^ Rigveda, VII.18;VII.83
- ^ Witzel, Michael. The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools: The Social and Political Milieu. Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts. Harvard Oriental Series (1997)
- ^ Mahabharata, I.173-175
- ^ Visnu Purana, V
- ^ Brihaddevata, vii,155-7, viii.1-9
- ^ Mahabharata, XIX
- ^ Mahabharata, I.40-43
- ^ Mahabharata, I.49-53
- ^ Mahabharata, I.13-39
- ^ Mahabharata, I.54-58
- ^ Mahabharata, I.60
- ^ Visnu Purana, IV.21
- ^ Visnu Purana, IV.23-24
- ^ Vyasa, Krishna-Dwaipayana. "SECTION CLXXXIX". The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa. Translated by Mohan Ganguli, Kisari. pp. 390–391.
- ^ Thapar, Romila Puranic Lineages and archaeological cultures in Ancient Indian Social History: some interpretations. New Delhi. Orient Longmans. 1978.
Sources
- ISBN 0-631-21535-2
- Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2007). A Survey of Hinduism (3rd ed.). SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7082-4.
- Mazumdar, A.K. (2008). The Hindu history. Rupa Publications India. ISBN 978-81-86772-17-1.
- ISBN 978-0195171464
- Rocher, Ludo (1986), The Purāṇas, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag
- Singh, Upinder (2008), History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, Pearson Education India
- ISBN 978-0-674-72651-2
See also
- Hindu mythology
- History of India
- Historicity of the Mahabharata