Hindu denominations
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Hinduism |
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Hindu denominations, sampradayas, traditions, movements, and sects are traditions and sub-traditions within Hinduism centered on one or more gods or goddesses, such as Vishnu, Shiva, Shakti and so on.[1] The term sampradaya is used for branches with a particular founder-guru with a particular philosophy.[2]
Hinduism has no central doctrinal authority and many practising Hindus do not claim to belong to any particular denomination or tradition.
A notable feature of Hindu denominations is that they do not deny other concepts of the divine or deity, and often celebrate the other as henotheistic equivalent.[8] The denominations of Hinduism, states Lipner, are unlike those found in major religions of the world, because Hindu denominations are fuzzy with individuals practising more than one, and he suggests the term "Hindu polycentrism".[9]
Although Hinduism contains many denominations and philosophies, it is linked by shared concepts, recognisable rituals, cosmology, shared textual resources, pilgrimage to sacred sites and the questioning of authority.[10]
Etymology
The word Hindu is an exonym. This word Hindu is derived from the Indo-Aryan and Sanskrit word Sindhu, which means "a large body of water", covering "river, ocean". It was used as the name of the Indus River and also referred to its tributaries. The actual term 'Hindu' first occurs, states Gavin Flood, as "a Persian geographical term for the people who lived beyond the river Indus (Sanskrit: Sindhu)". Hindus are persons who regard themselves as culturally, ethnically, or religiously adhering to aspects of Hinduism. Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for people living in the Indian subcontinent. In the 18th century, European merchants and colonists began to refer to the followers of Indian religions collectively as Hindus until about mid 20th century. Hindus subscribe to a diversity of ideas on spirituality and traditions, but have no ecclesiastical order, no unquestionable religious authorities, no governing body, no prophet(s) nor any binding holy book; Hindus can choose to be polytheistic, pantheistic, monotheistic, monistic, agnostic, atheistic or humanist.[11][12][13]
Overview of Denominations
Hinduism as it is commonly known can be subdivided into a number of major currents. Of the historical division into six
Six generic types (McDaniel)
McDaniel (2007) distinguishes six generic types of Hinduism, in an attempt to accommodate a variety of views on a rather complex subject:[17]
- deities and extending back to prehistoric times, or at least prior to written Vedas.
- Shrautins).
- Smartism), based on the philosophical approach of the Upanishads.
- Yogic Hinduism, especially the sect based on the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali.
- Vivāha(Hindu marriage customs).
- Bhakti or devotionalist practices
Sampradaya
In
Number of adherents
There are no census data available on demographic history or trends for the traditions within Hinduism.[21]
Thus, the Shaivism and Shaktism traditions are difficult to separate, as many Shaiva Hindus revere the goddess Shakti regularly.[22] The denominations of Hinduism, states Julius J. Lipner, are unlike those found in major religions of the world, because Hindu denominations are fuzzy with individuals revering gods and goddesses polycentrically, with many Shaiva and Vaishnava adherents recognizing Sri (Lakshmi), Parvati, Saraswati and other aspects of the goddess Devi. Similarly, Shakta Hindus revere Shiva and goddesses such as Parvati (such as Durga, Radha, Sita and others) and Saraswati important in Shaiva and Vaishnava traditions.[23]
Estimates vary on the relative number of adherents in the different traditions of Hinduism. According to a 2010 estimate by Johnson and Grim, the Vaishnavism tradition is the largest group with about 641 million or 67.6% of Hindus, followed by Shaivism with 252 million or 26.6%, Shaktism with 30 million or 3.2% and other traditions including Neo-Hinduism and Reform Hinduism with 25 million or 2.6%.[24] In contrast, according to Jones and Ryan, Shaivism is the largest tradition of Hinduism.[25]
Tradition | Followers | % of the Hindu population | % of the world population | Follower dynamics | World dynamics |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vaishnavism | 640,806,845 | 67.6 | 9.3 | Growing | Growing |
Shaivism | 252,200,000 | 26.6 | 3.7 | Growing | Growing |
Shaktism | 30,000,000 | 3.2 | 0.4 | Stable | Declining |
Neo-Hinduism | 20,300,000 | 2.1 | 0.3 | Growing | Growing |
Reform Hinduism | 5,200,000 | 0.5 | 0.1 | Growing | Growing |
Cumulative | 948,575,000 | 100 | 13.8 | Growing | Growing |
Main denominations
Vaishnavism is a devotional stream of Hinduism, which worships the god Vishnu as the Supreme Lord (Svayam Bhagavan). As well as Vishnu himself, followers of the denomination also worship Vishnu's ten incarnations (the Dashavatara).[27] The two most-worshipped incarnations of Vishnu are Krishna (especially within Krishnaism as the Supreme)[28] and Rama, whose stories are told in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, respectively. The adherents of this sect are generally non-ascetic, monastic and devoted to meditative practice and ecstatic chanting.[29] Vaishnavism is characterised by diverse adherence to a number of saints, temples, and scriptures.[30]
Among
The major living Vaishnava sampradayas include:[27][31]
- Vedanta Desika.[32]
- Vadakalai, "the northern school", based on the teachings of Vedanta Desika,
- Tenkalai, "the southern school", based on the teachings of Manavala Mamunigal. The Alvars, the Tamil poet-saints of the Bhakti movement, belonged to and are revered in this tradition.[33]
- Ramanandi Sampradaya (Ramayat Sampradaya or the Ramavat Sampradaya) adheres to the teachings of the Advaita scholar Ramananda. This is the largest monastic group within Hinduism and in Asia, and these Vaishnava monks are known as Ramanandis, Vairagis or Bairagis.[34][35][36]
- Brahma Sampradaya adheres to the teachings of Dvaita Vedanta philosopher Madhvacharya. The term "Brahma" (not to be confused with the Brahma deity) refers to the Supreme Being, Vishnu, who is revered as the Para-Brahman in this Sampradaya. Its modern form is Haridasa and Sadh Vaishnavism.
- Gaudiya Vaishnavism (Chaitanya Sampradaya) adheres to the teachings of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu:
- Brahmanic traditional lineages
- Sri Caitanya Prema Samsthana
- Gaudiya Math reform lineages
- Manipuri Vaishnavism, a regional form of Gaudiya Vaishnavism
- Brahmanic traditional lineages
- Nimbarka Sampradaya (Kumara Sampradaya) adheres to the teachings of Nimbarkacharya. This tradition is associated with Four Kumaras,
- Vallabhacharya, the founder of Pushtimargtradition.
- Changadeva, Muktabai, Gora Kumbhar, Savata Mali, Narahari Sonar, Janabai, Sena Nhavi and Kanhopatra. The Warkari Sampradaya promotes the worship of god Vithoba, a manifestation of Krishna.
- Swaminarayan Sampradya, adheres to the teachings of Sahajanand Swami, otherwise known as Swaminarayan.
Minor and regional Vaishnavite schools and the principal acharyas connected with them are:[31]
- Balmikism, linked to sage Valmiki.
- Sankaradeva.
- Kapadi Sampradaya
- Mahanam Sampradaya, adheres to the teachings of Prabhu Jagadbandu, who is considered to be the incarnation of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.
- Mahanubhava panth, adheres to the teachings of Sarvajna Shri Chakradhara.
- Odia Vaishnavism (Jagannathism), the regional cult of the god Jagannath as abstract form of Krishna.
- Pranami Sampradaya), adheres to the teachings of Devachandra Maharaj.
- Radha Vallabh Sampradaya, adheres to the teachings of Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu, emphasizes on the devotion of Radhaas the supreme being.
- RamsnehiSampradaya
- Vaishnava-Sahajiya (tantric)
- Bishnoi Panth
Shaivism
Shaivas or Shaivites are those who primarily worship
The major schools of Shaivism include:[5]
- Shaiva Siddhanta, adheres to the teachings of Tirumular/Sundaranatha (Nandinatha Sampradaya, the monistic school) or of Meykandadeva (Meykandar Sampradaya, the dualistic school).
- Appayya Dikshitar.
- Kashmir Shaivism, adheres to the teachings of Vasugupta and his disciplinic lineage, including Abhinavagupta.
- Lakulisa.
- Aghori
- Kapalika
- Nath
- Matsyendranatha.
- Inchegeri Sampradaya
Other branches:
- Aaiyyanism is a religion claiming to be a form of pure Dravidian Hinduism and identifying as a Shaivite branch.
Shaktism
Shaktas worship the Mother Goddess as Shakti, in different forms. These forms may include Kali, Parvati/Durga, Lakshmi and Saraswati. The branch of Hinduism that worships the goddess, known as Devi, is called Shaktism. Followers of Shaktism recognize Shakti as the supreme power of the universe. Devi is often depicted as Parvati (the consort of Shiva) or as Lakshmi (the consort of Vishnu). She is also depicted in other manifestations, such as the protective Durga or the violent Kali. Shaktism is closely related with Tantric Hinduism, which teaches rituals and practices for purification of the mind and body.[29]
Animal sacrifice of cockerels, goats and to a lesser extent water buffaloes is practiced by Shakta devotees, mainly at temples of goddesses such as Bhavani or Kali.[39][40]
The main traditions are:
- Kalikula;
- Srikula.[5]
- Caribbean Shaktism of the Caribbean
The Goddess-centric traditions within Kashmir Shaivism are
Smartism
Smartas treat all deities as the same, and their temples include five deities (Pancopasana) or
The Smarta Tradition accepts two concepts of Brahman, which are the
The movement is credited to Shankara, who is regarded as the greatest teacher[44][45] and reformer of the Smarta.[46][45] According to Hiltebeitel, Shankara established the nondualist interpretation of the Upanishads as the touchstone of a revived smarta tradition.[47] The Sringeri Sharada Peetham in Karnataka, believed by its members to have been founded by Shankara, is still the centre of the Smarta sect for its followers. Smartas follow 4 other major Mathas namely, Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham, Puri Govardan Math, Dwaraka Sharada Peetham, and Jyotir Muth. All Mathas are headed by Sankaracharyas.[44][45]
The traditions are:
Overlap
Halbfass states that, although traditions such as Shaivism and Vaishnavism may be regarded as "self-contained religious constellations",[49] there is a degree of interaction and reference between the "theoreticians and literary representatives"[49] of each tradition which indicates the presence of "a wider sense of identity, a sense of coherence in a shared context and of inclusion in a common framework and horizon".[49] It is common to find Hindus revering Shiva, Vishnu and Shakti, and celebrating festivals related to them at different times of the year. Temples often feature more than one of them, and Hinduism is better understood as polycentric theosophy that leaves the choice of deity and ideas to the individual.[9]
The key concepts and practises of the four major denominations of Hinduism can be compared as below:
Shaiva Traditions | Vaishnava Traditions | Shakti Traditions | Smarta Traditions | Srauta Traditions | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scriptural authority | Vedas, Upanishads and Agamas | Vedas, Upanishads and Agamas | Vedas and Upanishads | Vedas and Upanishads | Vedas | [25][50] |
Supreme deity | God Shiva | God Vishnu | Goddess Devi | None | None | [51][52] |
Creator | Shiva | Vishnu | Devi | Brahman principle | Brahman principle | [51][53] |
Avatar | Major | Key concept | Significant | Minor | Minor | [25][54][55] |
Monastic life | Recommends | Accepts | Accepts | Recommends | Accepts (with exceptions) | [25][56][57] |
Rituals, Bhakti | Affirms[58][59][60] | Affirms | Affirms | Optional[61] | Affirms | [62] |
Ahimsa and Vegetarianism | Recommends,[58] Optional | Affirms | Optional | Affirms except for sacrificial occasions | Affirms except for sacrificial occasions | [63][64] |
Maya, Karma |
Affirms | Affirms | Affirms | Affirms | Affirms | [51] |
Metaphysics | Atman (Soul, Self) |
Brahman (Vishnu), Atman | Brahman (Devi), Atman | Brahman, Atman | Brahman, Atman,
Karma, Dharma |
[51] |
Epistemology (Pramana) |
1. Perception 2. Inference 3. Reliable testimony 4. Self-evident[65] |
1. Perception 2. Inference 3. Reliable testimony |
1. Perception 2. Inference 3. Reliable testimony |
1. Perception 2. Inference 3. Comparison and analogy 4. Postulation, derivation 5. Negative/cognitive proof 6. Reliable testimony |
1. Perception 2. Inference 3. Comparison and analogy 4. Postulation, derivation 5. Negative/cognitive proof 6. Reliable testimony |
[66][67][68] |
Philosophy | Dvaita, qualified advaita, advaita | Dvaita, qualified advaita, advaita | Shakti-advaita | Advaita | Purva Mimamsa | [69][70] |
Salvation (Soteriology) |
Jivanmukta, Jnana[71] |
Videhamukti, Yoga, champions householder life |
Bhakti, Tantra, Yoga | Jivanmukta, Advaita, Yoga, champions monastic life |
Videhamukti, Yoga, |
Other denominations
Suryaism / Saurism
The Suryaites or Sauras are followers of a Hindu denomination that started in Vedic tradition, and worship
Ganapatism
Ganapatism is a Hindu denomination in which
Indonesian Hinduism
Hinduism dominated the island of
The term "
Shrautism
Shrauta communities are very rare in India, the most well known being the ultra-orthodox Nambudiri Brahmins of Kerala. They follow the "Purva-Mimamsa" (earlier portion of Vedas) in contrast to Vedanta followed by other Brahmins. They place importance on the performance of Vedic Sacrifice (Yajna). The Nambudiri Brahmins are famous for their preservation of the ancient Somayaagam, Agnicayana rituals which have vanished in other parts of India.[citation needed]
Kaumaram
Dattatreya Sampradaya
Dattatreya Sampradaya is a Hindu denomination associated with the worship of Dattatreya as the supreme god. This denomination found in Indian states like Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Goa, Telangana, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttarakhand. Dattatreya is often considered as an avatara of three Hindu gods Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, collectively known as the Trimurti. Main traditions linked with Dattatreya Sampradaya are:
- Gurucharitra tradition - This tradition is named after the Deccanregion.
- Avadhuta Tradition.
Sant Mat
The Sant Mat was a group of reformer poet-sants and their adherents within Hinduism during the 14th–17th centuries who had desire for religious pluralism and non-ritualistic spirituality.[80] Due to Kabir's affiliation with Vaishnavite Ramanandi Sampradaya and certain aspects of the creed, the Sant Mat is sometimes seen as part of Vaishnavism.[27] Among its living traditions are:
- Dadupanth
- Kabir panth
- Ravidassia religion
- Sadh
- Udasi Sampradaya[81][82]
- Nirmala
- Nanak Panth
Newer movements
The Hindu new religious movements that arose in the 19th to 20th century include:[83]
- American Meditation Institute
- Ananda (Ananda Yoga)[84]
- Ananda Ashrama[85]
- Ananda Marga[86]
- Art of Living Foundation[87]
- Arya Samaj[88]
- Ayyavazhi
- Brahma Kumaris[89]
- Brahmoism (Brahmo Samaj)[90]
- Chinmaya Mission[91]
- Datta Yoga[92]
- Divine Life Society[93]
- Hanuman Foundation[94]
- Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy[95]
- Hindutva[96]
- Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha
- Hindu Janajagruti Samiti
- Hindu Munnani
- Hindu Sena
- Hindu Yuva Vahini
- Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (a.k.a. Sangh Parivar)[97]
- International Vedanta Society
- Isha Foundation
- Kriya Yoga Centers[99]
- Mahima Dharma
- Mata Amritanandamayi Math[100]
- Matua Mahasangha
- Meivazhi
- Narayana Dharma
- Nilachala Saraswata Sangha
- Oneness Movement
- Prarthana Samaj
- Ramakrishna Mission / Ramakrishna Math (a.k.a. Vedanta Society)[101]
- Sahaja Yoga
- Sathya Sai Baba movement[102]
- Satsang
- Satya Dharma
- School of Philosophy and Economic Science
- Self-Realization Fellowship / Yogoda Satsanga[103]
- Shirdi Sai Baba movement
- Shri Ram Chandra Mission
- Shree Shree Anandamayee Sangha[104]
- Siddha Yoga[105]
- Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres[106]
- Sri Aurobindo Ashram[107]
- Sri Chinmoy Centres[108]
- Sri Ramana Ashram[109]
- Swadhyay Parivar
- Transcendental Meditation[110]
- Virat Hindustan Sangam
Sarnaism
Sarna are sacred groves in the
Kiratism
The practice is also known as Kirat Veda,
Related denominations
Kalash and Nuristani religion
The Indo-Aryan
Contemporary Sant Mat
The contemporary Sant Mat is a 19th-century origin movement.[125] Scholars are divided as to whether to call Radha Soami a 1) Sikh-derived or 2) Hindu–Sikh-synthesed or 3) independent version of the medieval Sant Mat as new universal religion.[126]
- Advait Mat
- Radha Soami
- Radha Soami-influenced[126]
Slavic Vedism
Slavic, Russian, Peterburgian Vedism or simply Vedism
Slavic Vedism involves the worship of Vedic gods, characterised by its use of indigenous Slavic rituals and Slavic names for the deities, distinguishing from other groups which have maintained a stronger bond with modern Hinduism, although Krishnaite groups often identify themselves as "Vedic" too. Also some syncretic groups within Slavic Native Faith (Slavic Neopaganism) use the term "Vedism".[130]
Cross-denominational influences
Atman Jnana
Jñāna is a Sanskrit word that means knowledge. In
Bhakti movement
The Bhakti movement was a
As part of the legacy of the Alvars, five
Philosophical schools
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Hindu philosophy is traditionally divided into six
- Samkhya, a non theistic and strongly dualist theoretical exposition of consciousness and matter.
- Yoga, a school emphasizing meditation, contemplation and liberation.
- sources of knowledge. Nyāya Sūtras.
- empiricist school of atomism
- Mimāṃsā, an anti-ascetic and anti-mysticist school of orthopraxy
- Vedanta, the last segment of knowledge in the Vedas, or the 'Jnan' (knowledge) 'Kanda' (section).
The
However,
In
- Advaita Vedanta
- Akshar-Purushottam Darshan
- Bhedabheda
- Achintya Bheda Abheda
- Dvaitadvaita
- Dvaita Vedanta
- Integral yoga
- Pratyabhijna
- Shaiva Siddhanta
- Shiva Advaita
- Shuddhadvaita
- Vishishtadvaita
Nyaya survived into the 17th century as Navya Nyaya "Neo-Nyaya", while Samkhya gradually lost its status as an independent school, its tenets absorbed into Yoga and Vedanta.
Yoga varieties
- Ananda Yoga
- Bhakti yoga
- Hatha yoga
- Integral Yoga
- Jivamukti Yoga
- Jnana yoga
- Karma yoga
- Kripalu Yoga
- Kriya Yoga
- Kundalini yoga
- Raja yoga
- Sahaja Yoga
- Siddha Yoga
- Sivananda yoga
- Surat Shabd Yoga
See also
Notes
- ^ Quoted in Böhtlingk's Sanskrit-Sanskrit dictionary, entry Sampradaya.[18]
References
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- ^ Werner 1994, p. 73.
- ^ a b Bhandarkar 1913.
- ^ a b c d Tattwananda n.d.
- ^ Flood 1996, p. 113, 134, 155–161, 167–168.
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- ^ a b Lipner 2009, pp. 371–375.
- ^ a b Frazier 2011, pp. 1–15.
- ^ Lipner 2009, p. 8, Quote: "(...) one need not be religious in the minimal sense described to be accepted as a Hindu by Hindus, or describe oneself perfectly validly as Hindu. One may be polytheistic or monotheistic, monistic or pantheistic, even an agnostic, humanist or atheist, and still be considered a Hindu.".
- ISBN 978-0123695031, Academic Press, 2008.
- ^ MK Gandhi, The Essence of Hinduism, Editor: VB Kher, Navajivan Publishing, see page 3; According to Gandhi, "a man may not believe in God and still call himself a Hindu."
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- ^ The global religious landscape: Hindus Archived 9 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Pew Research (2012)
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- ^ Lipner 2009, pp. 40–41, 302–315, 371–375.
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- ^ Jones & Ryan 2007, pp. 361–362.
- ^ Jones & Ryan 2007, pp. 492–493.
- ^ Jones & Ryan 2007, pp. 248–249.
- ^ Jones & Ryan 2007, pp. 26–27.
- ^ Jones & Ryan 2007, pp. 483–484.
- ^ Jones & Ryan 2007, pp. 389–390.
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- ^ Jones & Ryan 2007, pp. 108, 431.
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- ^ Minahan 2012
- ^ p. 56 Kiratese at a Glance By Gopal Man Tandukar
- ^ p. xxv A Grammar of Limbu By Geordefine sungge van Driem
- ^ Problems of Modern Indian Literature by Statistical Pub. Society: distributor, K. P. Bagchi
- ^ p. 323 Kiratas in Ancient India By G. P. Singh, Dhaneswar Kalita, V Sudarsen, M A Kalam
- ^ "History and Culture of the Kirat" by I.S.Chemjong
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- ^ Michael, Witzel (2004). "Kalash Religion (extract from 'The Ṛgvedic Religious System and its Central Asian and Hindukush Antecedents')" (PDF). In A. Griffiths; J. E. M. Houben (eds.). The Vedas: Texts, Language and Ritual. Groningen: Forsten. pp. 581–636.
- ISBN 9781438119137.
The Kalasha ... religion is a form of Hinduism that recognizes many gods and spirits and has been related to the religion of the Ancient Greeks, who mythology says are the ancestors of the contemporary Kalash... However, it is much more likely, given their Indo-Aryan language, that the religion of the Kalasha is much more closely aligned to the Hinduism of their Indian neighbors that to the religion of Alexander the Great and his armies.
- ^ "Peshawar HC orders government to include Kalash religion in census". The Indian Express. 4 April 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
- ISBN 9781610690188.
Living in the high mountain valleys, the Nuristani retained their ancient culture and their religion, a form of ancient Hinduism with many customs and rituals developed locally. Certain deities were revered only by one tribe or community, but one deity was universally worshipped by all Nuristani as the Creator, the Hindu god Yama Raja, called imr'o or imra by the Nuristani tribes.
- ISBN 9781845111755.
Prominent sites include Hadda, near Jalalabad, but Buddhism never seems to have penetrated the remote valleys of Nuristan, where the people continued to practise an early form of polytheistic Hinduism.
- ISBN 9780425253403.
Up until the late nineteenth century, many Nuristanis practised a primitive form of Hinduism. It was the last area in Afghanistan to convert to Islam—and the conversion was accomplished by the sword.
- ^ Jones & Ryan 2007, pp. 383–384.
- ^ ISBN 9-78-0-415-26707-6.
- ^ Michael F. Strmiska. Modern Paganism in World Cultures. ABC-CLIO, 2005. p. 222: "In addition to Ukrainian Paganism, Russian and Pan-Slavic varieties of Paganism and "Slavic Vedism" can also be found in Ukraine."
- ^ Portal "Religion and Law". Монастырь «Собрание тайн» или «Дивья лока»: второе пришествие индуизма в России? Archived 2 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. 2013-04-30
- ISBN 9781472460271.
- ^ Robert A. Saunders, Vlad Strukov. Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2010. p. 412.
- ^ ISBN 978-8120802773, pp. 1–2.
- ISBN 978-0-7914-2025-6.
- ^ Wendy Doniger (2009), Bhakti, Encyclopædia Britannica; The Four Denomination of Hinduism Himalayan Academy (2013)
- ^ Christian Novetzke (2007), Bhakti and Its Public, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 11, No. 3, page 255–272
- ISBN 978-0415346719, pages 28–30
- ISBN 978-0195351903, pages 26–32, 217–218
- ^ Mittal, S. G. R. Thursby (2006). Religions of South Asia: An Introduction. Routledge.
- ^ For an overview of the six orthodox schools, with detail on the grouping of schools, see:(Mādhava Āchārya 1882)(Dasgupta 1922–1955, Vol. 1)(Radhakrishnan 1927)
- ^ Mādhava Āchārya 1882, p. xii.
- ^ Dasgupta 1922–1955.
- ^ Radhakrishnan 1927.
- ^ Lamb 2008.
- ^ Singleton & Goldberg 2014.
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