Malappuram district
Malappuram district | ||
---|---|---|
Clockwise from top: Sub-divisions
| ||
Government | ||
• Type | District administration | |
• UTC+5:30 (IST) | ||
ISO 3166 code | IN-KL | |
Vehicle registration | KL-10 Malappuram, KL-53 Perinthalmanna, KL-54 Ponnani, KL-55 Tirur, KL-65 Tirurangadi, KL-71 Nilambur, KL-84 Kondotty | |
HDI (2005) | 0.749[5] ( High) · | |
Website | malappuram |
Malappuram (Malayalam: .
During British Raj, Malappuram became the headquarters of European and British troops and later of the Malabar Special Police (M.S.P), formerly known as Malappuram Special Force formed in 1885, which is also the oldest armed police battalion in the state.[14][15] The oldest Teak plantation in the world at Conolly's plot is situated at Chaliyar valley in Nilambur. The oldest Railway line in the state was laid from Tirur to Chaliyam in 1861, passing through Tanur, Parappanangadi, and Vallikkunnu.[16] The second railway line in the state was also laid in the same year from Tirur to Kuttippuram via Tirunavaya.[16] The Nilambur–Shoranur line, also laid in the colonial era, is one among the shortest and picturesque Short Gauge Railway Lines in India.
Etymology
The term, Malappuram, which means "over the hill" in Malayalam, derives from geography of Malappuram, the administrative headquarters of the district.[17][18] The midland area of district is characterised by several undulating hills such as Arimbra hills, Amminikkadan hills, Oorakam Hill, Cheriyam hills, Pandalur hills, and Chekkunnu hills, all of which lie away from the Western Ghats.[19] However, the coconut-fringed sandy coastal plain is an exception for the general hilly nature.
History
The remains of pre-historic symbols including
The Kurumathur inscription found near Areekode dates back to 871 CE.[29] Three inscriptions written in Old Malayalam those date back to 932 CE, those were found from Triprangode (near Tirunavaya), Kottakkal, and Chaliyar, mention the name of Goda Ravi of Chera dynasty.[30] The Triprangode inscription states about the agreement of Thavanur.[30] Several inscriptions written in Old Malayalam those date back to the 10th century CE, have found from Sukapuram near Edappal, which was one of the 64 old Nambudiri villages of Kerala.
Descriptions about the rulers of
The original headquarters of the Perumbadappu Swaroopam, who later became the
The Mamankam festival, which had a special political importance in the medieval Kerala, was held at Tirunavaya, which lies on the northern bank of the river Bharathappuzha, in the district.[31] The rivalry that existed between the Nambudiris in the Nambudiri villages of Panniyoor and Chowwara (Sukapuram) was also of great political importance in medieval Kerala.[31] Panniyoor is situated opposite to Kuttippuram town while Sukapuram lies in Edappal. The Zamorins found themselves intervened in the so-called Koormatsaram between Nambudiris of Panniyurkur and Chovvarakur. In the most recent event, the Thirumanasseri Nambudiri had assaulted and burned the nearby rival village. The rulers of Valluvanadu and Perumpadappu came to help the Chovvaram and raided Panniyur simultaneously. Thirumanasseri Nadu was overran by its neighbours on south and east. The Thirumanasseri Nambudiri appealed to the Zamorin for help, and promised to cede the port of Ponnani, where the river Bharathappuzha merges with Arabian Sea, to Zamorin as the price for his protection. Thirumanassery Nambudiri, the Koya of Kozhikode, and ruler of Vettathunadu supported the Zamorin. Zamorin, looking for such an opportunity, gladly accepted the offer.[32] In his military campaigns into Valluvanadu, the Zamorin received unambiguous assistance from the Muslim Middle Eastern sailors of Beypore, Chaliyam, Tanur, and Kodungallur, and the Koya of Kozhikode.[33] As a reward by the Zamorin, the port at Ponnani became an important trade and cultural centre of middle eastern sailors. It seems that the Muslim judge of Kozhikode offered all help in "money and material" to the Samoothiri to strike at Tirunavaya.[32] The Zamorin continued his conquest to Valluvanadu and conquered the regions of Kottakkal, Malappuram, Manjeri, and Nilambur. It was thus that Perumpadappu and a larger portion of Valluvanad came under the rule of Zamorin. Thus Zamorin became the Raksha Purusha of Mamankam, and the ruler of Tirunavaya, neighbouring Triprangode, and Ponnani.[31]
Under the Zamorin, the regions included in the district emerged as major centres of foreign maritime trade in medieval Kerala. The Zamorin earned a greater part of his revenue by taxing the spice trade through his ports. Major ports in the kingdom of Zamorin included Parappanangadi, Tanur, and Ponnani.[34][35] Parappanangadi (Barburankad), Tirurangadi (Tiruwarankad), Tanur, and Ponnani (Funan) were also important among the trade settlements under the rule of the Zamorin, according to the 16th-century historical work Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen.[36] Thrikkavil Kovilakam in Ponnani served as a second home for Zamorin. Ponnani acted as the naval headquarters of his kingdom.[34] Malappuram was the headquarters of Para Nambi, who was a local chieftain of the Zamorin.[37] Other Kovilakams of Zamorin included the Kizhakke Kovilakam at Kottakkal, Manjeri Kovilakam at Manjeri,[38] and Nilambur Kovilakam at Nilambur. Parappanad Kovilakam at Parappanangadi and Tanur Kovilakam at Tanur were vassal royal houses of the Zamorin. However the Mankada Kovilakam at Mankada near Angadipuram was the seat of ruling family of the Valluvanad Rajas. Azhvanchery Mana, which was the headquarters of Azhvanchery Thamprakkal, who was the supreme head of the Nambudiri Brahmins of Kerala, is located at Athavanad near Kuttippuram, in Tirur Taluk. Azhvanchery Thamprakkal and the lord of Kalpakanchery in Kingdom of Tanur were usually present at the Ariyittu Vazhcha (Coronation) of a new Zamorin.[38] The Arabs had the monopoly of trade in the early Middle Ages.[38] The original headquarters of the Palakkad Rajas were also at Athavanad.[39]
The squadron of
In 1507, the Portuguese Viceroy
.The
By the middle of the 17th century, the Dutch had monopoly of foreign trade in the ports of Kerala, except for small English factories at
The district was the venue for many of the Mappila revolts (uprisings against the British East India Company in Kerala) between 1792 and 1921. It is estimated that there were about 830 riots, large and small, during this period. During 1841-1921 there were more than 86 revolts against the British officials alone.[58] The district was included in the subdistricts of Eranad, Valluvanad, and Ponnani in South Malabar during the British rule. The Malabar Special Police was headquartered at Malappuram. MSP is also the oldest armed police battalion in the state. The British had established Haig Barracks on the top of Malappuram city, at the bank of the Kadalundi River, to station their forces.[59]
The Malabar district political conference of Indian National Congress held at Manjeri on 28 April 1920 strengthened Indian independence movement and national movement in British Malabar.[60] That conference declared that the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms were not able to satisfy the needs of British India. It also argued for land reform to seek solutions for the problems caused by the tenancy that existed in Malabar. However, the decision widened the drift between extremists and moderates within the Congress. The conference resulted in the dissatisfaction of landlords with the Indian National Congress. It caused the leadership of the Malabar district Congress Committee to come under the control of the extremists who stood for labourers and the middle class.[31]
The erstwhile
Geography
Bounded by Kozhikode district to the northwest, Wayanad district to the northeast, Nilgiri hills to the east, Palakkad district to the southeast, Thrissur district to the southwest, and Arabian Sea to the west, Malappuram has a total geographical area of 3,554 km2, which ranks third in the state in terms of area. The district possesses 9.15% of the total area of the state. The district is located at 75°E - 77°E longitude and 10°N - 12°N latitude on the geographical map. Similar to other parts of Kerala, Malappuram also has a coastal area (lowland) bounded by Arabian Sea on the west, a midland at the centre, and a hilly area (highland), bounded by Western Ghats on the east. Unlike other districts of Kerala, hilly areas are widely seen in the midland area too. The 2,554 m high Mukurthi peak, which is situated in the border of Nilambur Taluk and Ooty Taluk, and is also the fifth-highest peak in South India as well as the third-highest in Kerala after Anamudi (2,696 m) and Meesapulimala (2,651 m), is the highest point of elevation in Malappuram district. It is also the highest peak in Kerala outside the Idukki district. The 2,383 high Anginda peak, which is located closer to Malappuram-Palakkad-Nilgiris district border is the second-highest peak. Vavul Mala, a 2,339 m high peak situated on the trijunction of Nilambur Taluk of Malappuram, Wayanad, and Thamarassery Taluk of Kozhikode districts, is the third-highest point of elevation in the district.
Border Taluks
Malappuram district shares its border with the following 12 Taluks of 5 districts.
- Wayanad district: Vythiri Taluk.
- Kozhikode district: Kozhikode and Thamarassery Taluks.
- Nilgiris district: Pandalur, Gudalur, Ooty, and Kundah Taluks.
- Palakkad district: Pattambi, Ottapalam, and Mannarkkad Taluks.
- Thrissur district: Chavakkad and Kunnamkulam Taluks.
Topography
On the basis of topography, geology, soils, climate, and natural vegetation, the district is divided into 5 sub-micro regions:
- Malappuram coast
- Malappuram undulating plain
- Chaliyar river basin
- Nilambur forested hills
- Perinthalmanna undulating uplands.
The Malappuram coast lies all along the coastal tract of Malappuram from
The Malappuram undulating plain, lying parallel to the coast, makes it boundaries with Nadapuram-Mavur undulating plains to the north, Chaliyar river basin, and Perinthalmanna undulating uplands to the east, Pattambi undulating plain to the south and Malappuram coast to the west. Nenmini hill (478 m) at Kannamangalam is the highest point and the Vazhayur in the northern part (95 m) is the lowest in the region. A few hills and slopes are seen here.[69]
The Chaliyar River Basin makes its boundaries by Nilambur forested hills to its north and east, Perinthalmanna undulating uplands to the south, and Malappuram undulating plain to its east. It falls under the middle course of Chaliyar and has ups and downs in the form of isolated hills.[69]
The Nilambur forested hills, also referred to as the Nilambur valley in colonial records, make its boundary with Kozhikode forested hills and Wayanad forested hills to the north,
The Perinthalmanna undulating uplands make its boundary with Chaliyar river basin to the north, Mannarkad-Palakkad forested hills to the east, Palakkad Gap to the south, and Malappuram undulating plain to the west. A number of small isolated hills are seen here. Kodikuthimala is one among them. The Kadalundi River drains this region. The maximum height of the region is 610 m at Makkaraparamba.[69]
Coastline
Malappuram ranks fifth in the length of coastline among the districts of Kerala having a coastline of 70 km (11.87% of the total coastline of the state).
Rivers
Major rivers flowing through the district are
Four estuaries are there - Padinjarekara Azhimukham at Purathur where the rivers Bharathappuzha and Tirur River merge to join Arabian Sea, Puthuponnani promontary where Conolly Canal flows into the sea, Purappuzha Azhimukham at Tanur, and Kadalundi Nagaram Azhimukham at Vallikkunnu in the northwestern border of the district.[69][73] The backwaters like Biyyam, Veliyankode, Manur, and Kodinhi, lie in the coastal Taluks.[69][73] Ponnani Canal was constructed for the transportation of goods from Ponnani to Tirur railway station during British Raj. Here is a description about the Ponnani Canal by Basel Mission employees at Kodakkal.[74]
...nowadays a steamship travels between Ponnani and Tirur through the Canal, where the most convenient railway station for Ponnani is to be found. The ticket costs only 4 annas, although the distance is 10 km...
Climate
The temperature of the district is almost steady throughout the year. It has a tropical climate. It gets significant rainfall in most of the months, with a short dry season. According to Köppen and Geiger, this climate is classified as Am. The average annual temperature in Malappuram is 27.3 °C. In a year, the average rainfall is 2,952 millimetres (116.2 in). Summer usually runs from March until May; the monsoon begins in June and ends in September. Malappuram receives both southwest and northeast monsoons. Winter is from December to February.[75]
Climate data for Malappuram | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 32.0 (89.6) |
32.9 (91.2) |
34.0 (93.2) |
33.8 (92.8) |
32.7 (90.9) |
29.3 (84.7) |
28.1 (82.6) |
28.7 (83.7) |
29.7 (85.5) |
30.3 (86.5) |
31.1 (88.0) |
31.4 (88.5) |
34.0 (93.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 21.8 (71.2) |
22.8 (73.0) |
24.4 (75.9) |
25.4 (77.7) |
25.1 (77.2) |
23.5 (74.3) |
22.8 (73.0) |
23.3 (73.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.1 (73.6) |
21.9 (71.4) |
21.8 (71.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 1 (0.0) |
9 (0.4) |
16 (0.6) |
101 (4.0) |
253 (10.0) |
666 (26.2) |
830 (32.7) |
398 (15.7) |
233 (9.2) |
281 (11.1) |
140 (5.5) |
24 (0.9) |
2,952 (116.2) |
Source: [76] |
Flora and fauna
The district contains a diverse wildlife and a number of small hills, forests, rivers, and streams flowing to the west,
Out of the 3,554 km2 area of district, 1,034 km2 (399 sq mi) (29%) constitutes forest area. It may be denser or less dense.
Nilambur Teak is the first forest produce to get its own
Administration
Revenue and general administration
The headquarters of the district administration is at Uphill,
Malappuram revenue district has two divisions- Tirur and Perinthalmanna. The district is further divided into 138 villages which together form 7 subdistricts (taluks).[88] For sake of rural administration, 94 Gram Panchayats are combined in 15 Block Panchayats, which together form the Malappuram District Panchayat. Besides this in order to perform urban administration better, 12 municipalities are there.[89]
Revenue divisions
There are two revenue divisions in the district:
Taluks
A taluk (sub-district) is an administrative division within a district. There are 7 taluks in Malappuram district, and each taluk is headed by a Tahsildar, who is responsible for land revenue administration and executive magisterial functions.
Subdistrict (Taluk) |
Area (in km2) |
Total population (2011) |
Villages | Urbanisation (2011) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ponnani | 200 | 379,798 | 11 | 57.36% |
Tirur | 448 | 928,672 | 30 | 48.73% |
Tirurangadi | 290* | 631,906 | 17 | 90.40% |
Kondotty |
258* | 410,577 | 12 | 43.10% |
Eranad | 491* | 581,512 | 23 | 37.93% |
Perinthalmanna | 506 | 606,396 | 24 | 21.73% |
Nilambur | 1,343 | 574,059 | 21 | 8.08% |
Sources: |
Revenue villages
Revenue villages are the subdivision of the taluks, and the lowest institution of revenue administration of the district. Each taluk consists several villages in its jurisdiction. There are 138 revenue villages in the Malappuram district. The revenue villages are further divided into desoms for land revenue matters.
District Planning Committee
The
Judiciary
The judicial headquarters of the district is at Manjeri. 24 courts function under Manjeri judicial district including Manjeri, Malappuram, Tirur, Perinthalmanna, Parappanangadi, Ponnani, and Nilambur.[94] After the establishment of Malappuram District on June 16, 1969, a District Court commenced operations in Kozhikode on May 25, 1970. Subsequently, on February 1, 1974, the court was relocated to the Manjeri Court Complex.
Within the Manjeri Judicial District, there are currently 24 functioning courts distributed across various locations in the district, including Manjeri, Malappuram, Tirur, Perinthalmanna, Parappanagadi, Ponnani, Tirur, and Nilambur. The judicial headquarters of Malappuram is situated in Manjeri.
The district boasts three Additional District and Sessions Courts, two Family Courts (one in Malappuram and the other in Tirur), as well as two Motor Accidents Claims Tribunals (one in Manjeri and the other in Tirur). Furthermore, there are two Sub Courts—one in Manjeri and the other in Tirur. The district also accommodates two Munsiff Magistrate Courts, with one in Ponnani and the other in Perinthalmanna. Lastly, there are nine Judicial First Class Magistrate Courts functioning in Malappuram District.
Law and order
The Malappuram District Police, a division of
Malappuram Police District, along with Palakkad, Thrissur city, and Thrissur rural police districts, comes under the jurisdiction of Thrissur Range Police.[95] The District Police Office, District Special Branch, District Crime Records Bureau, District 'C' Branch, Narcotic Cell, District Police Control Room, Cyber Cell, Women Cell, and Telecommunication Unit are at Malappuram. The coastal police station is at Ponnani whereas the District Armed Reserve Camp is situated at Padinhattummuri. The traffic Units of Malappuram police are centered at Malappuram, Manjeri, Kondotty, Perinthalmanna, and Tirur.[96]
The headquarters of Malabar Special Police (formed in 1884), an armed police battalion under Kerala Police, is at Malappuram. It is also the oldest armed police battalion in the state.[94]
Local governments
Local self-government institutions are divided into two categories: Urban Local Bodies and Panchayats (Rural local bodies).
Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)
The district comprises 12 municipalities established to administer urban areas (statutory towns). Each municipality has its own elected council and is responsible for local governance, urban planning, and providing essential services within its respective jurisdiction. A chairperson and vice chairperson, elected by the councilors, heads each municipality. These municipalities are divided into 479 wards, from each of which a councilor is elected for a term of five years.[97]
Municipality | Established |
---|---|
Manjeri | 1978[98] |
Ponnani | 1977 |
Parappanagadi | 2015 |
Tanur | 2015 |
Malappuram | 1970 |
Kondotty | 2015 |
Tirurangadi | 2015 |
Tirur | |
Perinthalmanna | 1990[99] |
Kottakkal | 2010 |
Nilambur | 2010 |
Valanchery | 2015 |
Municipality[100] | Wards[101] | Population (2011)[102] |
Chairperson [103] | Political Party |
Pre-poll Alliance | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Manjeri | 50 | 97,102 | V. M. Subaida | IUML | UDF |
2 | Ponnani | 51 | 90,491 | Sivadasan Attupurath | CPI(M) | LDF |
3 | Parappanangadi | 45 | 71,239 | A. Usman | IUML | UDF |
4 | Tanur | 44 | 69,534 | P. P. Shamsudheen | IUML | UDF |
5 | Malappuram | 40 | 68,088 | Mujeeb Kaderi | IUML | UDF |
6 | Kondotty | 40 | 59,256 | Fathimath Suhrabi. C. T | IUML | UDF |
7 | Tirurangadi | 39 | 56,632 | K. P. Muhammad Kutty | IUML | UDF |
8 | Tirur | 38 | 56,058 | Naseema | IUML | UDF |
9 | Perinthalmanna | 34 | 49,723 | P. Shaji | CPI(M) | LDF |
10 | Kottakkal | 32 | 48,342 | Bushra Shabeer | IUML | UDF |
11 | Nilambur | 33 | 46,342 | Mattummal Saleem | CPI(M) | LDF |
12 | Valanchery | 33 | 44,437 | Ashraf Ambalathingal | IUML | UDF |
Rank | Taluk | Municipal pop. | Rank | Taluk | Municipal pop. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manjeri Ponnani |
1 | Manjeri | Eranad | 97,102 | 11 | Nilambur | Nilambur |
46,342 | Parappanangadi Tanur |
2 | Ponnani | Ponnani | 90,491 | 12 | Valanchery | Tirur | 44,437 | ||
3 | Parappanangadi | Tirurangadi | 71,239 | 13 | Puthanathani | Tirur | 20,480 | ||
4 | Tanur | Tirur | 69,534 | ||||||
5 | Malappuram | Eranad | 68,088 | ||||||
6 | Kondotty | Kondotty |
59,256 | ||||||
7 | Tirurangadi | Tirurangadi | 56,632 | ||||||
8 | Tirur | Tirur | 56,058 | ||||||
9 | Perinthalmanna | Perinthalmanna | 49,723 | ||||||
10 | Kottakkal | Tirur | 48,342 |
Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) for rural governence
Malappuram District Panchayat serves as the apex body for rural governance in the Malappuram district. The District Panchayat has 32 divisions, with members elected from each division. It is headed by a President and Vice President, elected by the members. The jurisdictional area of the District Panchayat covers the gram panchayats within the district.
For block level governance, There are 15
The rural district is divided into 94 Gram Panchayats which are included in 15 blocks namely Areekode, Kalikavu, Kondotty,
Gram Panchayats in Malappuram District | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gram Panchayat | Area (in km2) |
Population (2011) |
Wards | Taluk | |
Areekode Block | |||||
Areekode | 12.21 | 31,563 | 18 | Eranad | |
Cheekkode | 23.96 | 32,867 | 18 | Kondotty
| |
Edavanna | 52.10 | 46,128 | 22 | Eranad | |
Kavanoor | 31.30 | 37,977 | 19 | Eranad | |
Kizhuparamba | 14.99 | 22,062 | 14 | Eranad | |
Kuzhimanna | 22.05 | 34,413 | 18 | Kondotty
| |
Pulpatta | 30.12 | 42,683 | 21 | Eranad | |
Urangattiri | 76.09 | 40,318 | 21 | Eranad | |
Kalikavu Block | |||||
Amarambalam | 84.64 | 35,975 | 19 | Nilambur | |
Chokkad | 76.08 | 32,224 | 18 | Nilambur | |
Edappatta | 25.77 | 22,729 | 15 | Perinthalmanna | |
Kalikavu | 92.00 | 35,210 | 19 | Nilambur | |
Karulai | 131.31 | 23,277 | 15 | Nilambur | |
Karuvarakundu | 78.69 | 41,583 | 21 | Nilambur | |
Tuvvur | 31.38 | 40,297 | 17 | Nilambur | |
Kondotty Block | |||||
Chelembra |
15.91 | 34,149 | 18 | Kondotty
| |
Cherukavu | 16.87 | 36,773 | 19 | Kondotty
| |
Muthuvallur | 21.49 | 26,028 | 15 | Kondotty
| |
Pallikkal |
25.96 | 46,962 | 22 | Kondotty
| |
Pulikkal | 28.70 | 40,133 | 21 | Kondotty
| |
Vazhayur | 21.19 | 30,262 | 17 | Kondotty
| |
Vazhakkad | 23.89 | 35,774 | 19 | Kondotty
| |
Kuttippuram Block | |||||
Athavanad | 26.77 | 41,187 | 22 | Tirur | |
Edayur |
30.43 | 36,498 | 19 | Tirur | |
Irimbiliyam | 24.06 | 30,635 | 17 | Tirur | |
Kalpakanchery | 16.25 | 33,721 | 19 | Tirur | |
Kuttippuram | 31.32 | 47,023 | 23 | Tirur | |
Marakkara | 27.00 | 40,404 | 20 | Tirur | |
Malappuram Block | |||||
Anakkayam | 45.23 | 50,634 | 23 | Eranad | |
Kodur | 18.42 | 38,258 | 19 | Perinthalmanna | |
Morayur | 24.57 | 25,261 | 18 | Kondotty
| |
Othukkungal | 17.28 | 39,139 | 20 | Tirurangadi | |
Ponmala | 21.65 | 33,922 | 18 | Tirur | |
Pookkottur | 20.63 | 28,077 | 19 | Eranad | |
Mankada Block | |||||
Koottilangadi | 21.54 | 36,602 | 19 | Perinthalmanna | |
Kuruva | 35.77 | 45,354 | 22 | Perinthalmanna | |
Makkaraparamba | 11.17 | 18,702 | 13 | Perinthalmanna | |
Mankada | 31.00 | 32,748 | 18 | Perinthalmanna | |
Moorkanad | 17.60 | 36,324 | 19 | Perinthalmanna | |
Puzhakkattiri | 22.72 | 29,886 | 17 | Perinthalmanna | |
Nilambur Block | |||||
Chaliyar | 125.00 | 20,834 | 14 | Nilambur | |
Chungathara | 129.69 | 36,269 | 20 | Nilambur | |
Edakkara | 58.09 | 28,162 | 16 | Nilambur | |
Moothedam | 48.00 | 33,960 | 15 | Nilambur | |
Pothukal | 77.00 | 29,561 | 17 | Nilambur | |
Vazhikkadavu | 114.00 | 47,322 | 23 | Nilambur | |
Perinthalmanna Block | |||||
Aliparamba | 34.37 | 41,725 | 21 | Perinthalmanna | |
Angadipuram | 38.50 | 56,451 | 23 | Perinthalmanna | |
Elamkulam | 21.31 | 26,456 | 16 | Perinthalmanna | |
Keezhattur | 40.00 | 36,317 | 19 | Perinthalmanna | |
Melattur | 27.24 | 27,250 | 16 | Perinthalmanna | |
Pulamantol | 32.15 | 37,785 | 20 | Perinthalmanna | |
Thazhekode | 45.02 | 41,982 | 21 | Perinthalmanna | |
Vettathur | 35.84 | 37,456 | 16 | Perinthalmanna | |
Perumpadappu Block | |||||
Alamkode | 20.50 | 33,918 | 19 | Ponnani | |
Maranchery | 20.47 | 35,011 | 19 | Ponnani | |
Nannamukku | 19.35 | 28,989 | 17 | Ponnani | |
Perumpadappu | 15.02 | 29,766 | 18 | Ponnani | |
Veliyankode | 15.15 | 32,554 | 18 | Ponnani | |
Ponnani Block | |||||
Edappal | 23.70 | 32,550 | 19 | Ponnani | |
Kalady | 16.48 | 25,872 | 16 | Ponnani | |
Thavanur | 25.28 | 34,500 | 19 | Ponnani | |
Vattamkulam | 20.73 | 36,147 | 19 | Ponnani | |
Tanur Block | |||||
Cheriyamundam | 11.95 | 31,212 | 18 | Tirur | |
Niramaruthur |
9.20 | 29,846 | 17 | Tirur | |
Ozhur | 15.92 | 34,016 | 18 | Tirur | |
Perumanna-Klari | 11.48 | 27,278 | 16 | Tirur | |
Ponmundam | 9.16 | 25,855 | 16 | Tirur | |
Tanalur | 15.12 | 47,976 | 23 | Tirur | |
Valavannur | 15.28 | 33,159 | 19 | Tirur | |
Tirur Block | |||||
Mangalam | 12.17 | 33,442 | 20 | Tirur | |
Purathur | 19.50 | 31,915 | 19 | Tirur | |
Thalakkad | 16.30 | 35,820 | 19 | Tirur | |
Tirunavaya | 19.59 | 45,848 | 23 | Tirur | |
Triprangode | 20.67 | 41,167 | 21 | Tirur | |
Vettom |
13.46 | 28,104 | 20 | Tirur | |
Tirurangadi Block | |||||
Moonniyur | 22.66 | 55,535 | 23 | Tirurangadi | |
Nannambra | 18.35 | 40,543 | 21 | Tirurangadi | |
Peruvallur | 21.19 | 34,941 | 19 | Tirurangadi | |
Tenhipalam | 17.98 | 32,045 | 17 | Tirurangadi | |
Vallikkunnu | 25.14 | 48,006 | 23 | Tirurangadi | |
Vengara Block | |||||
Abdu Rahiman Nagar |
14.83 | 41,993 | 21 | Tirurangadi | |
Edarikode | 15.65 | 27,356 | 16 | Tirurangadi | |
Kannamangalam | 28.24 | 41,260 | 20 | Tirurangadi | |
Oorakam | 21.65 | 29,157 | 17 | Tirurangadi | |
Parappur | 18.50 | 36,270 | 19 | Tirurangadi | |
Thennala |
10.00 | 29,190 | 17 | Tirurangadi | |
Vengara | 18.66 | 48,600 | 23 | Tirurangadi | |
Wandoor Block | |||||
Mampad | 84.67 | 37,221 | 19 | Nilambur | |
Pandikkad | 57.01 | 55,213 | 23 | Eranad | |
Porur | 35.60 | 37,636 | 17 | Nilambur | |
Thiruvali | 33.83 | 27,734 | 16 | Nilambur | |
Trikkalangode | 59.99 | 52,090 | 23 | Eranad | |
Wandoor |
45.45 | 49,013 | 23 | Nilambur | |
Sources: |
Politics
State legislature
For the representation of Malappuram in
16 out of the 140 members for the Kerala Legislative Assembly are elected from the district.[110] In the 2021 elections, UDF won 12 of them, while the LDF bagged the remaining seats.Assembly Constituency |
Political Party |
Pre-poll Alliance |
Elected Representative |
---|---|---|---|
Kondotty
|
IUML | UDF | T. V. Ibrahim |
Eranad
|
IUML | UDF | P. K. Basheer |
Nilambur
|
Independent | LDF | P. V. Anvar |
Wandoor
|
INC | UDF | A. P. Anil Kumar |
Manjeri
|
IUML | UDF | U. A. Latheef |
Perinthalmanna
|
IUML | UDF | Najeeb Kanthapuram |
Mankada
|
IUML | UDF | Manjalamkuzhi Ali |
Malappuram
|
IUML | UDF | P. Ubaidulla |
Vengara
|
IUML | UDF | P. K. Kunhalikutty |
Vallikunnu
|
IUML | UDF | P. Abdul Hameed |
Tirurangadi
|
IUML | UDF | K. P. A. Majeed |
Tanur
|
INL | LDF | V. Abdurahiman |
Tirur
|
IUML | UDF | Kurukkoli Moideen |
Kottakkal
|
IUML | UDF | K. K. Abid Hussain Thangal |
Thavanur
|
Independent | LDF | K.T. Jaleel
|
Ponnani
|
CPI(M) | LDF | P. Nandakumar |
Parliament constituencies
Malappuram district has two Lok Sabha constituencies: Malappuram and Ponnani. The district also has a small part of Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency.[111]
Parliamentary Constituency |
Political Party |
Pre-poll Alliance |
Elected Representative |
---|---|---|---|
Wayanad (minor portion)
|
INC | UDF | Rahul Gandhi |
Malappuram
|
IUML | UDF | M. P. Abdussamad Samadani |
Ponnani (major portion)
|
IUML | UDF | E. T. Mohammed Basheer |
Economy
The Gross District Value Added (GDVA) of the district in the fiscal year 2018-19 is estimated as ₹ 698.37 billion, and the growth in GDVA, compared to that in the previous year was 11.30%. The district ranks third in GDVA among the districts of Kerala, after Ernakulam and Thiruvananthapuram, as of 2018–19.[112] The Net District Value Added (NDVA) of the district in the year 2018-19 was ₹ 631.90 billion and the annual growth rate was 11.59%. The Per capita GDVA is calculated as ₹ 154,463 in the fiscal year. The growth rate of GDVA was 18.12% in 2017–18, 9.49% in 2016–17, 7.86% in 2015–16, 8.83% in 2014–15, 14.08% in 2013–14, and 9.70% in 2012–13. It shows a zigzag trend.[112]
The economy of Malappuram significantly depends upon the emigrants. Malappuram has the most emigrants in the state. According to the 2016 economic review report published by the Government of Kerala, every 54 per 100 households in the district are emigrant households.[113] Most of them work in the Middle East. They are major contributors to the district economy. The headquarters of KGB is situated at Malappuram.[114]
Economic minerals
Industries
Kodakkal Tile Factory at
MALCOSPIN (Malappuram Spinning Mills Limited) is one of the oldest industrial establishments in the district under the state government. Wood-related industries are common in Kottakkal, Edavanna, Vaniyambalam, Karulai, Nilambur and Mampad. Sawmills, furniture manufacturers and timber trade were the most important businesses in the district until the last decades. Tirur is a major regional trading centre for electronics, mobile phones and other gadgets. Employees' State Insurance has its branch office at Malappuram.[69] KELTRON Electro Ceramics (KELCERA) at Kuttippuram,[120] KELTRON tool room at Kuttippuram, Edarikode Textiles at Edarikode, KSRTC body workshop at Edappal, MALCOTEX (Malabar Co-operative Textiles Limited) at Athavanad,[121] and KELTEX (Kerala Hi-Tech Textile Cooperative Limited) at Athavanad,[122] are other major industrial centres under public sector.[123] The Kerala State Detergents and Chemicals Ltd. and the Kerala State Wood Industries Ltd. have their headquarters at Kuttippuram and Nilambur respectively.[124][125] Popees baby care, one of the largest baby clothes manufacturer brands in the world, is primarily based at Malappuram.[126]
Agriculture
According to the statistics of 2016–17, the gross cropped area was 237,860 hectares, while the net cropped area was 173,178 hectares. The cropping intensity of the district is 137 hectares. The most produced uncountable crop in 2016-17 was tapioca (185,880 Metric Tonnes), followed by banana (58,564 MT), and rubber (40,000 MT). 878 million coconuts and 19 million jackfruits were produced in 2016–17. However, the land use was maximum for the cultivation of coconut (102,836 hectares), followed by rubber (42,770 hectares), and areca nut (18,379 hectares).
Major towns
There are two types of towns: Statutory Towns, encompassing areas with a municipality, corporation, or cantonment board; and Census Towns, rural areas with semi-urban characteristics, having a population exceeding 5000.[130] 2011 census of India;
Statutory towns[131]
- Manjeri
- Ponnani
- Parappanagadi
- Tanur
- Malappuram
- Kondotty
- Tirurangadi
- Tirur
- Perinthalmanna
- Kottakkal
- Nilambur
- Valanchery
Census towns[10]
- Angadipuram
- Koottilangadi
- Kodur
- Vengara
- Edappal
- Abdu Rahman Nagar
- Cherukavu
- Kizhuparamba
- Idimuzhikkal
- Tenhipalam
- Othukkungal
- Thalappara
- zhuparamba
Transportation
Roads
Malappuram is well connected by roads. There are four
The Nadukani-Parappanangadi Road connects the coastal area of Malappuram district with the easternmost hilly border at Nadukani Churam bordering Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu, near Nilambur.[135] Beginning from Parappanangadi, it passes through other major towns such as Tirurangadi, Malappuram, Manjeri, and Nilambur, before reaching the Nadukani Ghat Road.[135]
The first modern kind of road in the district was laid in eighteenth century by Tipu Sultan.[16] The road from Tirur to Chaliyam via Tanur, Parappanangadi, and Vallikkunnu was projected by him.[16] Tipu had also projected the roads from Malappuram to Thamarassery, from Malappuram to Western Ghats, from Feroke to Kottakkal via Tirurangadi, and from Kottakkal to Angadipuram.[53]
Railways
Total length of railway line that passes through the district is 142 km.
The
Angadipuram | Cherukara | Kuttippuram |
Melattur | Nilambur Road | Parappanangadi |
Pattikkad | Perassannur | Tanur |
Thodikapulam | Tirunnavaya | Tirur |
Tuvvur | Vallikkunnu | Vaniyambalam |
Airport
Malappuram is served by
. There are direct buses to the airport for transportation. Other than buses, Taxis, Auto Rickshaws available for transportation.According to the statistics provided by the
Demography
Population
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1901 | 682,151 | — |
1911 | 747,929 | +0.92% |
1921 | 764,138 | +0.21% |
1931 | 874,504 | +1.36% |
1941 | 977,085 | +1.12% |
1951 | 1,149,718 | +1.64% |
1961 | 1,387,370 | +1.90% |
1971 | 1,856,357 | +2.95% |
1981 | 2,402,701 | +2.61% |
1991 | 3,096,330 | +2.57% |
2001 | 3,625,471 | +1.59% |
2011 | 4,112,920 | +1.27% |
2018 | 4,494,998 | +1.28% |
source:[142][1] |
According to the
Ponnani municipality is most densely populated local body in the district having 3,646 residents per square kilometre, which is followed by the municipalities of Tanur (3,568/km2) and Tirur (3,387/km2), as of census conducted in the year 2011.[4] The least densely populated local bodies are located in the eastern hilly region.[4] Chaliyar has the least with only 167 residents per square kilometre, which is followed by the Gram panchayats of Karulai (177/km2) and Chungathara (280/km2).[4] Among the Taluks, Tirurangadi is most densely populated while Nilambur has the least density of population.[4] The Malappuram metropolitan area has a population of 1.7 million.[9] According to a report published by The Economist in January 2020, Malappuram is the fastest growing metropolitan area in the world.[143][144][145]
Urban structure
The Malappuram
Healthcare
Modern medicine, Ayurveda, and Homeopathy are available in the district. A general hospital, 3 district hospitals, and 6 Taluk hospitals are functioning under the Government of Kerala for Allopathy. The Government Medical College, Manjeri, established in 2013, is the apex medical college in the district.[147] A network of local health centers function under the public sector. It includes 66 Primary Health Centres, 20 All-time functioning primary health centers, 20 Community health centers, and 2 TBC's. 5 Major public health centers, 77 mini public health centers, and 565 sub-centers are there. 3 Leprosy control units, 2 Filaria control units, etc. also function under the public sector. The total bed strength of government hospitals is 1500. Many private hospitals with super-specialty units are also there in the district under Allopathy.[148][149]
The Govt Ayurveda Research Institute for Mental Disease at
Many hospitals function under the private sector.As of 2003, Malappuram has the least suicide rate among the districts of Kerala (13.3), which is much lesser than the state average (32.8).[5]
Education
The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries. In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently created a number of important mathematics concepts, including series expansion for trigonometric functions.[43][44] The Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics was based at Vettathunadu (Tirur region).[43]
The district has the most schools in Kerala as per the school statistics of 2019–20. There are 898 Lower primary schools,[151] 363 Upper primary schools,[152] 355 High schools,[153] 248 Higher secondary schools,[154] and 27 Vocational Higher secondary schools[155] in the district. Hence there are 1620 schools in the district.[156] Besides these, there are 120 CBSE schools and 3 ICSE schools.
554 government schools, 810 Aided schools, and 1 unaided school, recognised by the Government of Kerala have been digitalised.[157] In the academic year 2019–20, the total number of students studying in the schools recognised by Government of Kerala is 739,966 - 407,690 in the aided schools, 245,445 in the government schools, and 86,831 in the recognised unaided schools.[158]
The district plays a significant role in the higher education sector of the state. It is home to two of the main universities in the state- the
Religions
Taluk | Muslim | Hindu | Christian |
---|---|---|---|
Ernad | 72.29% | 26.17% | 1.34% |
Nilambur | 57.85% | 33.52% | 8.46% |
Perinthalmanna | 71.14% | 26.90% | 1.82% |
Tirur | 75.50% | 23.83% | 0.52% |
Tirurangadi | 75.49% | 23.88% | 0.48% |
Ponnani | 59.85% | 39.44% | 0.41% |
The areas that come under the Malappuram district have been multi-ethnic and multi-religious since the early
Languages
The principal language used in the district is
is spoken by a small fraction of the people.Malayalam is the predominant language, spoken by 99.46% of the population.[173]
Culture
The currently adopted Malayalam alphabet was first accepted by
Besides
Malappuram was also the main centre of
The district has also given its own deposits to
The headquarters of the
During the medieval period, the district was a centre of
Playwrights and actors from the district include
Cuisine
The centuries of maritime trade has given the Malappuram a cosmopolitan cuisine. The cuisine is a blend of traditional
Media
Sports
Malappuram is often known as The Mecca of Kerala Football.
Places of interest
- Adyanpara Falls- a waterfall at Kurumbalangode.[188]
- Anginda peak - A 2,383 m high peak near Karuvarakundu.
- Arimbra Hills, also known as 'Mini-Ooty'. At a height of 1050 feet above the sea level.[189]
- Arya Vaidya Sala, Kottakkal - known for its heritage and expertise in the Indian traditional medicine system of Ayurveda.
- Ayyapanov Waterfalls - A waterfall at Valanchery, Athavanad.
- Bharathappuzha - The second-longest river in Kerala. Also known in the names River Ponnani, Nila and Perar.[190]
- Biyyam Kayal- A backwater lake at Ponnani[191]
- Chaliyar - The fourth-longest river in Kerala. Conolly's plot, the world's oldest Teak plantation is located on the valley adjacent to Chaliyar.
- Chamravattom Regulator-cum-Bridge - The largest regulator-cum bridge of Kerala connecting Tirur Taluk with Ponnani port.[192]
- Chekkunnu Mala - A misty green hill near to Chaliyar at Edavanna.[193]
- Cherumb eco-tourist village - An eco-village at Karuvarakundu[194]
- Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary - a dwelling of more than a hundred species of native birds and over 60 species of migratory birds[195]
- Kadalundi-Vallikkunnu community reserve - The first community reserve in Kerala and an eco-tourism spot.[84]
- Kakkadampoyil - A hilly village on the bank of Cherupuzha.
- Keralamkundu waterfalls - Located 1500 ft above the sea level in Karuvarakundu.[196]
- Kodikuthimala - At Amminikadan hills, Perinthalmanna. Also known as Mini-Ooty.[197]
- Kollam Kolli Waterfalls - A waterfall near Areekode.
- Kottakkunnu - At the middle of Malappuram city. Also known as The Marine Drive of Malappuram. An old fort, a water-park, and ancient murals are seen here.[198]
- Travancore-Cochinvia road.
- Lotus Lake Wetland Thirunavaya - Lotus Lake and Migratory Birds Sanctuary [199]
- Mukurthi - The fifth-highest peak in South India (2,554 m away from sea level).
- Nadukani Churam - A Ghat Road at the northeastern end of Nilambur Taluk, which connects Malappuram district with the hilly district of Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu.[134]
- Nedumkayam Rainforest - A part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Known for its greenery.[200]
- New Amarambalam Reserved Forest - A wildlife sanctuary near to Nilambur.[201]
- Nilambur Kovilakam - The headquarter of the Nilambur royal family.[202]
- Nilambur-Shoranur line - one of the shortest broad-gauge railwaylines in India with greenery.
- Noor Lake - A lake at Tirur.
- Oorakam Hill - A mount near Malappuram.
- Padinjarekkara Beach - A Beach at Koottayi Tirur
- Poorappuzha River - A scenic coastal tributary of Kadalundi River in Vallikkunnu-Parappanangadi-Tanur area.
- Padinjarekara Azhimukham beach - Two rivers (The Tirur River and the Bharathappuzha) joins with the Arabian Sea here.[203] A beach, an estuary, and a centre of migratory birds at Purathur, opposite to the port of Ponnani.
- Paloor Kotta Falls - A waterfall adjacent to the Paloor fort built by Tipu Sultan near Perinthalmanna.[204]
- Parappanangadi beach - A beach in the coastal town of Parappanangadi.
- Paravanna beach - A scenic beach at Vettom.
- Ponnani beach - A beach in Ponnani.
- Poonathanam Illam - The birthplace of 16th century Malayalam poet Poonthanam Nambudiri near Perinthalmanna.[205]
- Poorappuzha Azhimukham - An estuary at Tanur.
- Puthantheru - a small coastline town.
- Silent Valley National Park - Located near Karuvarakundu.
- Tanur Beach - A beach at Tanur.
- Teak Museum - The world's first teak plantation in Nilambur.[206]
- Thunchan Parambu - It is the birthplace of Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan, who is known as the father of modern Malayalam language.
- Tirur River - A coconut-fringed green river flowing through Tirur Taluk. Mangrove plantations and Kadavus are seen on its bank.
- Unity hill viewpoint - A viewpoint at Manjeri.
- Unniyal beach - A beach at Niramarutur.
- Vakkad beach - Between Tirur and Ponnani.[207]
- Vallikunnu beach - A coconut-fringed beach in the northwestern coast of district.[208]
- Vavul Mala - A 2,339 m elevated mountain range near Chungathara.
Notable people
- A. Vijayaraghavan - Former member of Rajya Sabha and the state secretary of CPI(M).
- A. P. Anil Kumar - Former minister of Kerala.
- A. R. Raja Raja Varma - Malayalam poet and grammatician known as Kerala Panini (belongs to Parappanad royal family).
- Abdul Nediyodath- Footballer.
- Abdurahiman Randathani - Politician.
- Achyutha Pisharadi - a Sanskrit grammarian, astronomer and mathematician.
- Adil Ibrahim - Actor.
- Ahmad Kutty - North American Islamic scholar.
- Ajijesh Pachat - Malayalam novelist, short story writer and columnist.
- Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri - Malayalam poet and essayist. (Born at Kumaranellur, a border village between Malappuram and Palakkad districts. He was a writer from the Ponnani Kalari)
- Akkitham Narayanan - painter.
- Ali Musliyar - Freedom activist.
- Ammu Swaminathan - Independence activist and a member of Constituent Assembly of India.
- Anas Edathodika - Indian professional footballer.
- Aneesh G. Menon - Actor.[209][210]
- Anikha- Actress.
- Aparna Nair - Actress.
- Arjun Jayaraj - Professional footballer.
- Artist Namboothiri - painter.
- Aryadan Muhammed - Former minister of Kerala.
- Aryadan Shoukath - Indian film producer.
- Ashique Kuruniyan - Indian professional footballer.
- Asif Saheer - Indian soccer player.
- Azad Moopen - Doctor and Philanthropist.[211][212][213]
- Azhvanchery Thamprakkal - Former chief of Nambudiris of Kerala.
- B. M. Kutty - Journalist and Activist.
- Balamani Amma - Writer of Malayalam literature.
- C. Karunakara Menon - Journalist and Politician.
- C. Radhakrishnan - Writer and film director of Malayalam language.
- C. N. Ahmad Moulavi - Indian writer of Malayalam literature.
- Chakkeeri Ahemed Kutty - Former minister of Kerala and former speaker of Kerala Legislative Assembly.
- Chalilakath Kunahmed Haji - Social reformer.[214]
- Cherukad Govinda Pisharody - Malayalam playwright, Novelist, Poet, and Political activist.
- Damodara - Astronomer-mathematician.
- Deepu Pradeep - Scriptwriter.
- Devdutt Padikkal - Indian cricketer.
- Dhanish Karthik - Actor.
- Dileep K. Nair - Educationist, skill development campaigner, social activist, and publisher.
- E. Harikumar - Malayalam novelist and short story writer.
- Indian freedom fighter, and an Islamic scholar.[215]
- E. Sreedharan - Metroman of India.
- E. K. Imbichi Bava - Politician.
- E. M. S. Namboodiripad - The first Chief Minister of Kerala and the founder of CPI(M).[216]
- E. T. Mohammed Basheer - Former minister of Kerala and Member of Lok Sabha.
- Edasseri Govindan Nair - Poet.
- Elamaram Kareem - Former minister of Kerala and Member of Rajya Sabha.
- Faisal Kutty - Lawyer, academic, writer, public speaker, and human rights activist.[217]
- Govinda Bhattathiri - Indian astrologer and astronomer.
- Hari Nair - Cinematographer.
- Hemanth Menon - Actor.
- Iqbal Kuttippuram - Screenwriter and homoeopathic physician.[220]
- Jayasree Kalathil - Writer, translator, mental health researcher, and activist.
- Jishnu Balakrishnan - Professional footballer.
- K. Abdurahman - Founder of Chaliyar movement.[221]
- K. Avukader Kutty Naha - Former deputy chief minister of Kerala.
- K. C. S. Paniker - was a metaphysical and abstract painter.
- aristocrat.
- K. M. Asif- Cricketer.
- K. M. Maulavi - Indian freedom fighter, social reformer and the founding vice-president of IUML Malabar district committee.[222][223]
- K. P. A. Majeed - Former Chief Whip of the Government of Kerala.
- K. P. Ramanunni - Novelist and Short-story writer.[224][225]
- K. T. Irfan - Athlete.[226][227][228]
- K. T. Jaleel - former minister of Kerala.
- K. T. Muhammed- Malayalam playwright and screenwriter.
- K. V. Rabiya - Social worker.
- K. V. Ramakrishnan - Malayalam–language poet and journalist.
- Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan - Malayalam poet and journalist.
- Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma - Resurrector of Mohiniyattam.
- Kamala Surayya - Writer of Malayalam literature.
- Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran - Malayalam poet and translator, also known as Kalidasa of Kerala (belongs to Parappanad royal family).
- Krishnachandran - Actor, Dubbing artist, and Playback singer.
- Essayist and literary critic of Malayalam literature.
- Azad Hind government.
- M. Govindan - Writer of Malayalam literature.
- M. Swaraj - Politician.
- M. G. S. Narayanan - Historian, and academic and political commentator.
- M. K. Vellodi - Former Indian diplomat.
- M. M. Akbar - Islamic scholar, and an expert in comparative religion.[229]
- M. P. Abdussamad Samadani - Former member of Rajya Sabha.
- M. P. M. Ahammed Kurikkal - Former minister of Kerala.
- M. P. M. Menon - Indian diplomat, ambassador to several countries.[230]
- screenplay writer and film director. (Born at Kudallur, a border village between Malappuram and Palakkad districts. He is a writer from the Ponnani Kalari.)
- Malayath Appunni - Malayalam language poet and children's writer.
- Manjalamkuzhi Ali - Former minister of Kerala.
- Mankada Ravi Varma - Cinematographer and Director.[231][232][233]
- Manorama Thampuratti - was a Sanskrit writer.
- Mashoor Shereef - Professional footballer.
- Melattur Sahadevan - Carnatic music vocalist.
- linguist.
- Mersheena Neenu - actress.
- Mohammed Irshad - Professional footballer.
- Mohamed Salah - Footballer.
- Mohanakrishnan Kaladi - Malayalam poet.
- Mappila pattu poet.[234]
- Mrinalini Sarabhai - Indian classical dancer.
- Muhammad Musthafa - Actor and Director.
- Muhsin Parari - Director, Writer, and Lyricist.
- Nalakath Soopy - Former minister of Kerala.
- Nalapat Narayana Menon - Writer of Malayalam literature.
- Nandanar - Writer of Malayalam literature.
- Nilambur Ayisha - Actress in the Malayalam film industry and drama.
- Nilambur Balan - Malayalam actor.
- Nirupama Rao - Former foreign secretary of India.[235][236]
- P. Sreeramakrishnan - former speaker of Kerala Legislative Assembly.
- P. Surendran - Writer, Columnist, art critic, and a philanthropist.[237]
- P. K. Abdu Rabb - Former minister of Kerala.
- P. K. Kunhalikutty - Former minister of Kerala.
- P. K. Warrier - Ayurvedic physician and a Padma Bhushan winner.
- P. P. Ramachandran - Malayalam poet.
- P. V. Abdul Wahab - Businessman, and a member of Rajya Sabha.
- Paloli Mohammed Kutty - Former minister of Kerala.
- Parameshvara- Indian mathematician and astronomer.
- Parvathy Jayadevan - Playback singer.
- Poonthanam Nambudiri - Malayalam poet.[238]
- Premji - Social reformer, Cultural leader, and Actor.
- Pulapre Balakrishnan - Economist and Educationalist.
- Mappila pattu poet.[239]
- Rajeev Nair- Writer, Lyricist, and Producer.
- Ranjith Padinhateeri - Biological physicist and a professor.
- Rashin Rahman - Actor.
- Raja Ravi Varma - Indian painter and artist (belongs to Parappanad royal family).
- Ravi Menon - Actor.
- Ravi Vallathol - Actor.
- Rinshad Reera - Student Activist.
- Salam Bappu - Film director.
- Salman Kalliyath - Indian professional footballer.
- Sangita Madhavan Nair - Actress.
- Sankaran Embranthiri - Kathakali musician.
- Savithri Rajeevan - Indian poet, short story writer, and painter.
- Sayyid Sanaullah Makti Tangal - Social reformer.[240][241]
- Shahabaz Aman - Playback singer and Composer.[242][243]
- Shanavas K Bavakutty - Film director.
- Shweta Menon- Model, Actress, and Television anchor.
- Sithara - Playback singer, Composer, and an occasional actor.[244]
- Sooraj Thelakkad - An actor.
- Sukumaran - Film actor and producer.
- Sunny Wayne - Film actor (stayed during higher education).
- Syed Muhammedali Shihab Thangal - Religious leader and politician.[245]
- T. A. Razzaq - Screenwriter.
- T. K. Hamza - Former minister of Kerala.
- T. K. Padmini - Indian painter.
- T. M. Nair - Political activist of Dravidian movement.
- Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan- Father of Malayalam language.[246][247]
- Tirur Nambissan - Kathakali singer.
- U. A. Beeran - Former minister of Kerala.
- U.Jimshad- Professional footballer.
- U. Sharaf Ali - Former Indian International football player.[248][249]
- Unni Menon - Playback singer.
- Uroob - Writer of Malayalam literature.
- V. Abdurahiman - Minister of Kerala.
- V. C. Balakrishna Panicker - Indian poet and writer.
- V. T. Bhattathiripad - Social reformer (hailed from erstwhile Ponnani taluk).
- Vaidyaratnam Triprangode Moossad - Ayurvedic physician.
- Vallathol Narayana Menon - Malayalam poet.[251]
- Variyan Kunnathu Kunjahammed Haji - Indian Freedom Fighter.[252]
- Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair - Kathakali master and a Padma Shri winner.
- Vazhenkada Vijayan - Retired principal of Kerala Kalamandalam.
- Veliyankode Umar Khasi - Freedom fighter and poet.
- Vinay Govind - Indian film director.
- Zainuddin Makhdoom II - The author of Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen.
- Zakariya Mohammed - Film director, screenwriter, and actor.[253][254]
- Zakeer Mundampara - Footballer.
- Zeenath- actress.
Demand of bifurcation
For a few years, the demand to create a new coastal district called Tirur district, centered at Tirur is being strengthened.[255] They argue that it is imperative from the development perspective to split the district, with double the population and size of the Alappuzha district, into two. No other district in Kerala has seven subdistricts, 94 Village Panchayats, and 12 municipalities together. As for its extent, if one travels from Perumbadappu which borders Thrissur district to Vazhikkadavu bordering Tamil Nadu, normally it takes more than three hours to cover that distance of 115 km. They also point out that the problems in the health and educational sectors that require solutions are not trivial. The issue was raised again by the IUML MLA K. N. A. Khader in 2019.[255] The demand is to bifurcate the existing Malappuram district into two districts by carving out a new one called Tirur district from it.[255] Kerala Congress (M) campaigns for a new district centred at Edappal.[256] Some people including Veteran Congress leader Aryadan Muhammad, and IUML district secretary U. A. Latheef oppose the bifurcation of Malappuram.[257][258]
However, the demand was rejected by the two successive governments who ruled Kerala in 2013 and in 2019.[257][258] But the studies regarding the bifurcation of the district are still in the consideration of the Government of Kerala.
See also
- Malappuram metropolitan area
- Malappuram
- Administration of Malappuram
- Education in Malappuram
- History of Malappuram
- List of people from Malappuram
- Transportation in Malappuram
References
- ^ a b c d Annual Vital Statistics Report - 2018 (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Kerala. 2020. p. 55. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
- ^ "V.R. Vinod replaces V.R. Premkumar as Malappuram Collector". Keralakaumudi daily. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
- ^ "Malappuram Police". Malappuram police. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "District Census Hand Book: Malappuram" (PDF). Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
- ^ a b "Kerala | UNDP in India" (PDF). niti.gov.in. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
- from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
- ^ "The first E-literate district of India". The Times of India. 18 August 2004. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
- ^ Naha, Abdul Latheef (6 July 2018). "The first cyber literate district of India". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
- ^ a b "The Malappuram Urban Agglomeration" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
- ^ a b "India - Census of India 2011 - Kerala - Series 33 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Malappuram". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
- ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
- ^ Census Bureau of India (2011). "Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Town (With Ward), 2011". Census of India.
- Census of Indiahttps://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42560/download/46186/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistTwnWrd-0000.xlsx
- ^ C.A., Innes (1908). Madras District Gazetteers: Malabar and Anjengo. Government Press, Madras. p. 371. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Leelakrishnan, Alamkode (17 June 2019). "അമ്പതിന്റെ നിറവില് മലപ്പുറം; മലപ്പുറത്തിന്റെ മാനവിക മഹാപൈതൃകം". Mathrubhumi. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "ആ ചൂളംവിളി പിന്നെയും പിന്നെയും..." Mathrubhumi. 17 June 2019. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
- ^ "Malappuram, The Hill Top Town". nativeplanet.com. 30 June 2014. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
- ^ "Cultural counterpoint". The Financial Express. 24 March 2013. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
- ^ Akash Singh (7 May 2018). "Hilly areas of Malappuram". Native Planet. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "History of Malappuram" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India, Yogesh Sharma, Primus Books 2010
- ^ Gurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris. Journal of Roman Archaeology, 14, 334-350.
- ^ A. Shreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History
- ^ According to Pliny the Elder, goods from India were sold in the Empire at 100 times their original purchase price. See [1]
- ^ Bostock, John (1855). "26 (Voyages to India)". Pliny the Elder, The Natural History. London: Taylor and Francis.
- ^ Indicopleustes, Cosmas (1897). Christian Topography. 11. United Kingdom: The Tertullian Project. pp. 358–373.
- ^ Das, Santosh Kumar (2006). The Economic History of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. p. 301.
- ^ Subramanian, T. S (28 January 2007). "Roman connection in Tamil Nadu". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 19 September 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
- ^ Veluthat, Kesavan (1 June 2018). "History and historiography in constituting a region: The case of Kerala". Studies in People's History. 5 (1): 13–31. [2] Archived 13 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy Perumāḷs of Kerala Archived 29 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 438-42.
- ^ ISBN 9788126415786. Archivedfrom the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
- ^ a b K. V. Krishna Iyer, Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806. Calicut: Norman Printing Bureau, 1938.
- ^ V. V., Haridas. "King court and culture in medieval Kerala – The Zamorins of Calicut (AD 1200 to AD 1767)". [3] Archived 13 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine Unpublished PhD Thesis. Mangalore University
- ^ a b c K. V. Krishna Iyer Zamorins of Calicut: From the Earliest Times to AD 1806. Calicut: Norman Printing Bureau, 1938
- ^ Kunhali. V. "Calicut in History" Publication Division, University of Calicut (Kerala), 2004
- ^ a b c S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942). Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language. University of Madras.
- ^ Logan, William. MALABAR MANUAL: With Commentary by VED from VICTORIA INSTITUTIONS (Volume 2 ed.). VICTORIA INSTITUTIONS, Aaradhana, DEVERKOVIL 673508. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
- ^ a b c Narayanan, M. G. S. (1996). Perumals of Kerala: Political and Social Conditions of Kerala Under the Cēra Perumals of Makotai (c. 800 A.D.-1124 A.D.). Xavier Press. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
- ^ ISBN 9788126415885. Archivedfrom the original on 9 July 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- ^ Scammell, p. 13
- ^ E. G. Ravenstein, ed., A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama, Delhi, 1995, p. 50
- ISBN 9788120604476.
- ^ JSTOR 2690896.
- ^ S2CID 68570164,
One example I can give you relates to the Indian Mādhava's demonstration, in about 1400 A.D., of the infinite power series of trigonometrical functions using geometrical and algebraic arguments. When this was first described in English by Charles Whish, in the 1830s, it was heralded as the Indians' discovery of the calculus. This claim and Mādhava's achievements were ignored by Western historians, presumably at first because they could not admit that an Indian discovered the calculus, but later because no one read anymore the Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society, in which Whish's article was published. The matter resurfaced in the 1950s, and now we have the Sanskrit texts properly edited, and we understand the clever way that Mādhava derived the series without the calculus, but many historians still find it impossible to conceive of the problem and its solution in terms of anything other than the calculus and proclaim that the calculus is what Mādhava found. In this case, the elegance and brilliance of Mādhava's mathematics are being distorted as they are buried under the current mathematical solution to a problem to which he discovered an alternate and powerful solution.
- ^ "Maritime Heritage - Join Indian Navy | Government of India". www.joinindiannavy.gov.in. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
- ^ Singh, Arun Kumar (11 February 2017). "Give Indian Navy its due". The Asian Age. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
- ^ AG Noorani "Islam in Kerala". Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
- ^ A. Sreedhara Menon. Kerala History and its Makers. D C Books (2011)
- ^ A G Noorani. Islam in Kerala. Books
- ^ Roland E. Miller. Mappila Muslim Culture SUNY Press, 2015
- ^ a b "Vol06chap01sect07". Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
- ISBN 978-81-7211-083-3. Archivedfrom the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
- ^ a b c Devassy, M. K. (1965). District Census Handbook (2) - Kozhikode (1961) (PDF). Ernakulam: Government of Kerala. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
- ^ Panikkar. K.M. A History of Kerala (1498–1801) Coimbatore (1960) p. 64
- ISBN 9788131300343.
- ^ "Oldest teak plantation, Conolly's Plot, to reopen after maintenance". Mathrubhumi. 16 May 2017. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
- ^ a b "'Lifeline' of Malabar turns 125". www.thehindu.com. 29 December 2012. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
- ^ K. Madhavan Nair, 'Malayalathile Mappila Lahala,' Mathrubhumi, 24 March 1923.
- ^ "Malappuram British History". Archived from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
- ^ "The 1920 political conference at Manjeri". Deccan Chronicle. 29 June 2016. Archived from the original on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
- ^ Tottenham GRF (ed), The Mappila Rebellion 1921-22, Govt Press Madras 1922 P 71
- ^ Karim KK Muhammed Abdul, Variam Kunnath Kunjahammed Haji, Kalima Books, Kozhikkode 1992 (Malayalam)
- ^ Malabar Desiyathayude Idapedalukal. Dr. M. T. Ansari. DC Books
- ^ Panikkar, K. N., Against Lord and State: Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar 1836-1921
- ^ 1951 census handbook - Malabar district (PDF). Chennai: Government of Madras. 1953. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
- ^ K. Narayanan (1972). District Census Handbook - Malappuram (Part-C) - 1971 (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala. p. 3.
- ^ Special Currespondent (12 April 2018). "Calicut airport turns 80". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
- ^ "Summer Journey 2011". Time. 21 July 2011. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Physical divisions of Malappuram" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. pp. 21–22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
- ^ "The coastal area of Malappuram". kerenvis.nic.in. Archived from the original on 23 November 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
- ^ M. K. Devassy (1965). 1961 Census Handbook- Palghat District (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
- ^ "Ponnani, the Mecca of Malabar". nativeplanet.com. 24 October 2017. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Rivers in Malappuram district". malappuram.nic.in. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
- ^ "Website of Ines Zupanov". Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
- ^ "MSN Weather". Archived from the original on 9 October 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
- ^ "Climate of Malappuram". en.climate-data.org. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
- ^ Boag, GT (1933). The Madras Presidency (1881-1931) (PDF). Madras: Government of Madras. p. 63. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
- ^ "Forest area of Malappuram" (PDF). industry.kerala.gov.in. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
- ^ "The Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary". The Hindu. 3 July 2020. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ "The largest wildlife sanctuary of Kerala". touristinindia.com. 19 February 2018. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ T Ramavarman (1 January 2018). "First for forest produce, GI tag for Nilambur teak". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
- ^ Muringatheri, Mini (21 August 2019). "Tirur Vettila gets GI tag". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ "Flora and fauna of Malappuram". malappuram.nic.in. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
- ^ a b "Kadalundi-Vallikkunnu community reserve". www.onmanorama.com. 4 April 2018. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
- ^ Sudhi, K. S. (15 March 2010). "Birds get 12 more havens in State". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ Anupama Mili (4 September 2018). "Lotus fields of Tirunavaya". Malayala Manorama. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
- ^ "Collectorate Malappuram". Official website of Malappuram district. Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
- ^ "Talukas in Malappuram district". malappuram.nic.in. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
- ^ a b "Administrative divisions of Malappuram district". malappuram.nic.in. Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
- ^ "Tehsils / Taluks | Welcome to Malappuram | India".
- ^ a b "Taluk-wise demography of Malappuram" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala. pp. 161–193. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ "Villages in Malappuram". malappuram.nic.in. Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
- ^ "District Planning Committee, Malappuram". SEC Kerala. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
- ^ a b "Judicial administration of Malappuram". districts.ecourts.gov.in. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
- ^ "Thrissur Range Police districts". Kerala Police. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
- ^ "Malappuram police". malappuram.keralapolice.gov.in. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
- ^ "Malappuram - municipalities and wards". lsgkerala. Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
- ^ History of Manjeri Municipality
- ^ The Municipality of Perinthalmanna, Kudumbashree Mission [4]
- ^ a b "Municipalities in Malappuram". malappuram.nic.in. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
- ^ a b "No. of wards in Malappuram". lsgkerala.gov.in. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
- ^ "Population of urban bodies" (PDF). Urban Affairs Kerala. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ^ "Chairpersons of municipalities in Malappuram". lsgkerala.gov.in. Government of Kerala. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
- ^ "Rural administration in Malappuram district". Official website of Malappuram district. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ^ "Malappuram District Panchayat election 2020". lbtrend. Retrieved 20 February 2021.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Gram Panchayats and wards in Malappuram". Local self government department, Government of Kerala. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
- ^ "Draft notifications for new local bodies in Malappuram". Delimitation Commission, Kerala. Government of Kerala. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
- ^ "Villages in Malappuram". lsgkerala.gov.in. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ^ "Niyamasabha constituencies of Malappuram". ceo.kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
- ^ "Constituencies for Kerala Legislative Assembly - Districtwise" (PDF). CEO Kerala. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 October 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
- ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
- ^ a b "Economy of Malappuram". ecostat.kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- ^ "Malappuram ranks first in the number of emigrants from Kerala". spb.kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original on 21 November 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
- ^ "KGB to expand operations in all Panchayats". The New Indian Express. 15 July 2013. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
- ^ national geo-heritage of India Archived 11 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine, INTACH
- ^ "Minerals of Malappuram" (PDF). industry.kerala.gov.in. p. 35. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
- OCLC 1752882.
- ^ "KINFRA Techno Industrial Park, Malappuram". kinfra.org. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
- ^ "Kerala's INKEL to bring an invest of Rs 1000 crore". The Economic Times. 4 June 2015. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ^ "KELCERA". keltronelcera. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ "MALCOTEX". malcotex. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ "KELTEX Athavanad". keltex. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ "Brief Industrial Profile of Malappuram District 2017-18" (PDF). msmedithrissur.gov.in. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
- ^ "Kerala State Detergents and Chemicals Limited". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
- ^ "Kerala State Wood Industries Ltd". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
- ^ TNN (6 April 2020). "Popees baby care". Times of India. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ "Agriculture in Malappuram". ecostat.kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- ^ "Important farms in Malappuram". Farm Information Bureau, Kerala. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
- ^ "Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, Tavanur | Kerala Agricultural University". kau.in. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
- ^ "States asked to convert 3,784 urban areas into statutory Urban Local Bodies". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
- ^ "Census of India 2011 - Kerala - Series 33 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Malappuram" (PDF).
- ^ "KSRTC stations of Malappuram". keralartc.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ "Length of PWD Roads in Malappuram". kerenvis.nic.in. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ a b "നാടുകാണിച്ചുരം വിളിക്കുന്നു, അപൂര്വകാഴ്ചകളുമായി". Mathrubhumi. 25 June 2019. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
- ^ a b Special Correspondent (12 February 2020). "നാടുകാണി–പരപ്പനങ്ങാടി റോഡ് ടാറിങ് തുടങ്ങി; വീതികൂട്ടലും ഓടനിർമാണവും പിന്നീട്". Manorama Online. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
- ^ "Railway in Malappuram" (PDF). industry.kerala.gov.in. p. 45. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
- ^ "The Nilambur news". Kerala Tourism. Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
- ^ "Nilambur-Nanjandgud way to be realised". The Times of India. 2 September 2016. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
- ^ Muringatheri, Mini (10 February 2017). "Nilambur teak set to enter elite club of products with GI tag". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
- ^ Special Currepondent (4 June 2019). "Guruvayur-Thirunavaya railway line project in focus again". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
- ^ "Silver jubilee does not bring cheer to Karipur airport users". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
- ^ "Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". censusindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
- ^ "Malappuram, the fastest growing city". cnbctv18.com. 9 January 2020. Archived from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
- ^ "Malappuram, the fastest growing city of world". scroll.in. 10 January 2020. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
- ^ "Malappuram is world's fastest-growing city; Kozhikode, Kollam also in top 10". The New Indian Express. 9 January 2020. Archived from the original on 13 January 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
- ^ "Constituents of Malappuram metropolitan area". kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
- ^ "A new government medical college in Kerala after 31 years". The Hindu. 2 September 2013. Archived from the original on 30 August 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
- ^ "Healthcare in Malappuram". ecostat.kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- ^ a b "Healthcare in Malappuram". malappuram.nic.in. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- ^ "Homeopathy in Malappuram". homoeopathy.kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original on 13 July 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
- ^ "LP schools in Malappuram". sametham.kite.kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ "UP schools in Malappuram". sametham.kite.kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ "High schools in Malappuram". sametham.kite.kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ "HSE schools in Malappuram". sametham.kite.kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ "VHSE schools in Malappuram". sametham.kite.kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ "Schools in Malappuram". sametham.kite.kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ "Hi-tech schools in Malappuram". sametham.kite.kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ "Strength of schools in Malappuram". sametham.kite.kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ "The University of Calicut". uoc.ac.in. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
- ^ "Malayalam University". malayalamuniversity.edu.in. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
- ^ "Aligarh Muslim University Malappuram Off-centre". amu.ac.in. Archived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
- ^ "Universities in Malappuram district". malappuramtourism.org. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
- ^ "Eflu to start courses in Malappuram campus on January-31". The Times of India. 17 January 2014. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
- ^ "Inkel Greens beckons firms to Malappuram". The Hindu Businessline. 28 June 2016. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ^ "Eranad knowledge city". eku.edu.in. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
- ^ "Table C-01: Population by religious community: Kerala". Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
- ^ "Religion – Kerala, Districts and Sub-districts". Census of India 2011. Office of the Registrar General.
- ^ Nainar, S. Muhammad Hussain (1942). Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language. University of Madras.
- ^ pp. 396, Malayala Manorama Yearbook 2006, Kottayam, 2006 ISSN 0970-9096
- ^ Joseph, Mithosh (7 January 2020). "Malabar migration: is the dream coming to an end?". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 10 January 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
- ^ M. Paul Lewis, ed. (2009). "Allar: A language of India". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (16th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- ^ M. Paul Lewis, ed. (2009). "Aranadan: A language of India". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (16th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Archived from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- ^ "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Kerala". www.censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
- ^ Menon, A Sreedhara. A Survey of Kerala History. Kottayam: DC Books, 2007. Print
- OCLC 940373421.
- ^ Some Madras Leaders. Allahabad Printed at Standard Press. 1922.
- ^ "History of Ponnani". Kerala Tourism. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
- ^ a b Sabhnani, Dhara Vora (14 June 2019). "Straight from the Malabar Coast". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
- ^ "Cuisine of Malappuram". malappuramtourism.org. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
- ^ "Top Ten Towns with Highest Radio Listenership". Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ^ "Malabar Premier League to be launched in Malappuram". The Hindu. 3 March 2015. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
- ^ "Football hub proposed in Malappuram". Deccan Chronicle. 18 July 2016. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
- ^ a b "Federation Cup 2013-14 to kickoff on January 14". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
- ^ "Malabar Premier League". The Hindu. 3 March 2015. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
- ^ "Tenhipalam Synthetic Track". Deccan Chronicle. 2 April 2016. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
- ^ "Football hub proposed in Malappuram". Deccan Chronicle. 18 July 2016. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
- ^ "Stadium complexes at Tanur and Nilambur". newsexperts.in. 14 February 2019. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
- ^ "Adyanpara Waterfalls". keralatourism.org. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ "Arimbra Hills Aka Mini Ooty of Kerala". Art of Legend India. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
- ^ "Infobox facts". All Kerala River Protection Council. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2006.
- ^ "The Biyyam backwaters in Ponnani". nativeplanet.com. Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ "ചമ്രവട്ടം പാലം നാളെ നാടിന്റെ സ്വന്തം - Latest News - Mathrubhumi". Archived from the original on 16 May 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
- ^ "Chekkunnu Malappuram". Onmanorama. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
- ^ "Cherumb". tripadvisor.in. Archived from the original on 24 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ "Birds of Kadalundi". keralatourism.org. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ "Keralamkundu waterfalls". keralatourism.org. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ "Kodikuthimala". keralatourism.org. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ "Kottakkunnu". keralatourism.org. Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ "It's gloom amid bloom for lotus farmers". The Times of India. 29 March 2020.
- ^ "Nedumkayam Rainforest". keralatourism.org. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ "BirdLife International (2016) Important Bird and Biodiversity Area factsheet: Amarambalam Wildlife Sanctuary - Nilambur". BirdLife International. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ "Nilambur Kovilakam". keralatourism.org. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ "Padinjarekara Beach". keralatourism.org. Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ Rajesh R. (18 August 2019). "A trip to Paloor Kotta". Mathrubhumi. english.mathrubhumi.com. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
- ^ Arun Narayanan (25 October 2018). "The Charms of Poonthanam Illam". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
- ^ "Teak Museum". keralatourism.org. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ "Vakkad beach". keralatourism.org. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ "Vallikunnu beach". keralatourism.org. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
- ^ "Being the usual and unusual actor: Aneesh G Menon". Deccan Chronicle. 19 September 2017. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
- ^ Pillai, Radhika C (9 March 2015). "Length of the character matters to me: Aneesh". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- ^ Jagwani, Lohit (12 February 2014). "We are looking at a turnover of $1B by 2017: Azad Moopen, chairman of Aster DM Healthcare". VC Circle. Archived from the original on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- ^ Padma Awards Announced Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine Ministry of Home Affairs, 25 January 2011
- ^ "Top 100 Indian Leaders in UAE". Forbes. Archived from the original on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- hdl:10603/164340. Archivedfrom the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- ^ "Nationalism now linked to mob psychology". The Hindu. 8 June 2017. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
- ^ Singh, Kuldip (1 April 1998). "Obituary: E. M. S. Namboodiripad". The Independent. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
- ^ "VU law professor among world's most influential Muslims". nwitimes.com. 31 December 2012. Archived from the original on 7 January 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
- ^ "Indian magician performs Houdini-like escape". Rediff.com. 14 February 1997. Archived from the original on 30 May 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
- ^ "2011 Yearbook". International Magicians Society. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
- ^ "A chest of stories". Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ^ "Honouring a legend of the Chaliyar". The Hindu. 10 January 2009. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ^ "Article". Samakalika Malayalam Weekly. 19 (48): 47. 22 April 2016. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
- ^ Muhammed Rafeeq. Development of Islamic movement in Kerala in modern times (PDF). Islahi Movement. p. 115. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
- ^ "Vayalar award for K.P. Ramanunni". The Hindu. 8 October 2011. Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
- ^ "manorama online-english". Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
- ^ "Irfan qualifies for Olympics in 20 km walk.He completed the walk by touching the finish line at 10th position". dailysports.co. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
- ^ "Khushbir fails after Irfan qualifies for Olympics in 20 km walk". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
- ^ "Irfan Thodi". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
- ^ "Arab News". Arab News. Archived from the original on 21 July 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
- ^ "Indian community in UAE mourns death of diplomat" Archived 13 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Gulf News, Abu Dhabi, 14 February 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
- ^ S Nanda Kumar. "Directpr's Cut". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
- ^ "Painting with light". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 7 September 2007. Archived from the original on 3 December 2007.
- ^ Dore, Shalini (24 November 2010). "Indian cinematographer Varma dies: He worked on Adoor Gopalakrishnan's films". Variety. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
- ^ "Mappila songs cultural fountains of a bygone age, says MT". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 31 March 2007. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
- ^ Nirupama Rao takes over as Foreign Secy Archived 13 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine Press Trust of India / New Delhi, Business Standard, 1 August 2009.
- ^ Nirupama Rao is India's new foreign secretary Archived 4 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine The Times of India, 1 August 2009."Chokila Iyer was first woman, Indian Foreign Secretary in 2001."
- ^ "Award for Short Stories". keralasahityaakademi.org. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
- ISBN 978-81-230-2188-1. Archivedfrom the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
- ^ "The Official Website of Malappuram District". Archived from the original on 29 June 2010. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
- ^ Journal of Kerala Studies Volume 9. (1982): 84.
- ^ Mohammed, U. Educational Empowerment of Kerala Muslims. Calicut (Kerala): Other Books, 2017. 33.
- ^ ""Shaam-e-Ehsas" Ghazal Nite by Shahabaz Aman". Hello Bahrain. 29 March 2012. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
- ^ "Shahabaz Aman: When I die, I'd rather have people say that Malabar's renowned romantic passed away than just a singer". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
- ^ "Sithara goes to Kollywood". The Times of India. 2 March 2012. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013.
- ^ "President, PM, Sonia pay homage to IUML leader Thangal". The Times of India. 2 August 2009. Archived from the original on 12 June 2012.
- ^ Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.) "Malayalam Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine" Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 2014: (Dallas, Texas) Web. 29 September 2014.
- ^ K. SANTHOSH. "When Malayalam found its feet" Archived 29 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine THRISSUR, 17 July 2014 The Hindu
- ^ "Minister convenes high-level meet". The Hindu. 4 July 2009. Archived from the original on 7 July 2009. Retrieved 10 October 2009.
- Calicut University. Archived from the originalon 25 July 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2009.
- ^ mail at aryavaidyasala dot com. "ARYA VAIDYA SALA - Kottakkal". aryavaidyasala.com. Archived from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
- ISBN 9780203197660. Archivedfrom the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
- ^ EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorld Volume 6. 1988. p. 460.
Contemporary evaluation within India tends to the view that the Malabar Rebellion was a war of liberation, and in 1971 the Kerala Government granted the remaining active participants in the revolt the accolade of Ayagi, "freedom fighter"
- ^ "Aravindan Puraskaram awarded to Zakariya Mohammed - Times of India". The Times of India. 16 March 2019. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
- ^ "Sudani from Nigeria wins audience choice award at Russian film festival". The New Indian Express. 4 June 2019. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
- ^ a b c "The demand for bifurcation of Malappuram". thenewsminute.com. 28 August 2019. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
- ^ "KC(M) to raise new Edappal district". The Times of India. 17 November 2019. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
- ^ a b "Pinarayi govt rejects demand for partition of Malappuram". Manoramaonline. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
- ^ a b "No move to bifurcate of Malappuram district: Oommen Chandy". The Economic Times. 26 June 2013. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
Further reading
- Manorama Yearbook 1995 (Malayalam Edition) ISSN 0970-9096.
- Manorama Yearbook 2003 (English Edition) ISBN 81-900461-8-7.
- S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942), Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language, University of Madras
- Government of Madras (1953), 1951 Census Handbook- Malabar District (PDF), Madras Government Press
- M. K. Devassy (1965), 1961 Census Handbook- Kozhikode District (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands
- M. K. Devassy (1965), 1961 Census Handbook- Palghat District (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands
- K. Narayanan (1973), 1971 Census Handbook- Malappuram District (Part-A&B) (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
- K.Narayanan (1973), 1971 Census Handbook- Malappuram District (Part-C) (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
- M. Vijayanunni (1983), 1981 Census Handbook- Malappuram District (Part-A&B) (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
- Sheela Thomas (2003), 2001 Census Handbook- Malappuram District (Part-A&B) (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
- Government of India (2014–15), District Census Handbook - Malappuram (Part-A) 2011 (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
- Government of India (2014–15), District Census Handbook - Malappuram (Part-B) 2011 (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
External links
- Official website
- Malappuram district at Curlie