Noakhailla
Noakhailla | |
---|---|
নোয়াখাইল্লা বাংলা | |
Noakhali Bengali Noakhali, southern Tripura | |
| |
Dialects | Chatkhil Variation[2] |
Bengali alphabet | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog | noak1234 |
Noakhailla (নোয়াখাইল্লা), Noakhali Bengali (নোয়াখালী বাংলা)[3][4] also known by the demonym Noakhalian,[5] is a dialect of Bengali,
Noakhailla dialect has no presence in formal settings, neither in Bangladesh nor India, though its standardisation has been prospected.
Etymology
Noakhailla is eponymously named after Noakhali, referring to the dialect spoken of that area. It is in the transformed
History
Noakhailla dialect belongs to the Eastern dialects of the Bengali language that evolved from the fusion of other dialects of that region.
Its strong folk tradition dates back several centuries. During colonial rule, Irish linguist
In December 2019, a mass demonstration was organised by Noakhailla activists of all strata in Maijdee in response to a private television channel airing the Noakhali Bibhag Chai (We Want Noakhali Division) comical drama. They considered the drama to be an insult to the Noakhailla dialect, history and tradition of Noakhali district.[22]
Status and usage
Noakhailla has no formal recognition or use of the Noakhailla dialect in public, in courts, or in the legislature like the existent standard Bangla. The educated, elite, political and influential groups of Bangladesh bearing Noakhali homogeneity, or being intrinsically exposed to the socio-cultural phenomenon of Noakhali, usually prefer the standard form of Bangla for their wider communication. They keep this dialect as their private means of communication only with members of the homogenous community of Greater Noakhali.[11]
The usage of Noakhailla is now in decline as more and more Noakhailla families are opting to raise their children to speak in
Classification
Geographical distribution
Noakhailla is the primary dialect of Greater Noakhali which today comprises the Bangladeshi districts of
Before and after the
Writing system
In
Features and lexical comparison
Noakhailla is an Eastern Bengali dialect with a large amount of
English | Standard Bengali | Noakhailla | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Boy/Son | Chhele (ছেলে) | hola/hut (হোলা/হুত) | |
Water | Panī (পানি) | hãni (হাঁনি) | |
Listen | Shon (শোন)~Shun (শুন) | hon (হোন)~hun (হুন) | |
What | Ki (কী) | kiya (কীয়া) | |
All | Shôkôl (সকল), Bebak (বেবাক) | beggun (বেগগুন) | From bebak-gulin (বেবাক-গুলিন) |
Chicken | Murgi (মুরগি), kũkr̥a (কুঁকড়া) | kur̥a (কুড়া) | debuccalised from the earlier kũkr̥a (কুঁকড়া) |
Papaya | Pepe (পেঁপে) | hãbia (হাঁবিয়া) | |
Calcutta |
Kolkata (কলকাতা) | koilkatta (কইলকাত্তা)[38] | |
Big | Bôṛo (বড়), Bôḍḍo (বড্ড) | bôḍḍa (বড্ডা)[38] | |
Egg | Ḍim (ডিম), bôyda (বয়দা) | Bôyza (বয়জা) | From Arabic: بيضة, romanized : bayḍah
|
Mischief | shôytani (শয়তানী) | Khônnashi (খন্নাশি)[39] | From Arabic: خناس, romanized : khannās
|
to Lie down | Shuye poṛa (শুয়ে পড়া) | hota (হোতা) | |
Friend | Bôndhu (বন্ধু), dost(o) (দোস্ত), iyar (ইয়ার) | bondu (বন্ধু), dost(o) (দোস্ত), eyar (এয়ার) | |
He phoned me | She amake phon kôrechilô (সে আমাকে ফোন করেছিল) | hẽte ãre hon kôirchilô (হেতে আঁরে হোন কইর্ছিলো) | |
Shall not allow to do | Kôrte debô na (করতে দেব না) | Kôirtam ditam nô (কইর্তাম দিতাম ন)[28] | |
I think it is 5 o'clock | Amar mône hôy pãchṭa baje (আমার মনে হয় পাঁচটা বাজে) | ãr mônôy hãsta baijje (আঁর মনয় হাঁচটা বাইজ্জে), ãtlai hãsṭaijjai (আঁতলাই হাঁচটাইজ্জাই)[25] |
Variations
There are some differences of Noakhailla dialect in accent, spoken in different parts of the Greater Noakhali region. In the
- Standard Bengali: ækjon manusher duţi chhele chhilo.
- Noakhailla (Grierson): ekzon mainsher duga hola asil.
- Noakhailla of Chhagalnaiya: ækzôner dui hola asil.
- Noakhailla of Feni: egga mainsher duga hut/hola asilo.
- Noakhailla Hatiya Island: ækzôn mainsher duga hola asil.
- Noakhailla of Ramganj: ekzôner dui hut asil.
Grammar
Noakhailla grammar is the study of the morphology and syntax of Noakhailla dialect of South Eastern Bengali sub group of Bengali.[38]
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Noakhailla personal pronouns are somewhat similar to English pronouns, having different words for first, second, and third person, and also for singular and plural (unlike for verbs, below). Noakhailla pronouns, like their English counterparts, do differentiate for gender. In addition, each of the second- and third-person pronouns have different forms for the familiar and polite forms; the second person also has a "very familiar" form (sometimes called "despective"). It may be noted that the "very familiar" form is used when addressing particularly close friends or family as well as for addressing subordinates, or in abusive language. In the following tables, the abbreviations used are as follows: VF=very familiar, F=familiar, and P=polite (honor); H=here, T=there, E=elsewhere (proximity), and I=inanimate.
The nominative case is used for pronouns that are the subject of the sentence, such as "I already did that" or "Will you please stop making that noise?"
Subject | Honor | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
1 | আঁই (Ãi, I) | আমরা (amra, we) | |
2 | VF | তুই (tui, you) | তোরা (tura, you) |
F | তুঁই (tũi, you) | তোমরা (tomra, you) | |
P | আম্নে/আন্নে (amne/anne, you) | আম্নেরা/আন্নেরা (amnera/annera, you) | |
3 | F | হেতে (hete, he), হেতি (heti, she) | হেতেরা (hetera, they m.), হেতিরা (hetira, they f.) |
P | হেতেন (heten, he), হেতিন (hetin, she) | হেতেনরা (hetenra, they m.), হেতিনরা (hetinra, they f.) | |
I | হেই/হিয়েন (hei/hiyen, it) | হিগুন/হিগিন/হিগুলি/হিগাইন (higun/higin/higuli/higain, these) |
The possessive case is used to show possession, such as "Where is your coat?" or "Let's go to our house". In addition, sentences such as "I have a book" (আঁর কিতাব আছে) or "I need money" (আঁর টিয়া দরকার) also use the possessive (the literal translation of the Standard Bengali versions of these sentences would be "There is my book" and "There is my need for money" respectively).
Subject | Honor | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
1 | আঁর (Ãr, my) | আঙ্গো (ango, our) | |
2 | VF | তোর (tor, your) | তোগো (togo, your) |
F | তোঁয়ার (tõar, your) | তোঁগো (tõgo, your) | |
P | আম্নের/আন্নের (amner/anner, your) | আম্নেগো/আন্নেগো (amnego/annego, your) | |
3 | F | হেতের (heter, his), হেতির (hetir, her) | হেতেগো (hetego, their m.), হেতিগো (hetigo, their f.) |
P | হেতেনের (hetener, his), হেতিনের (hetiner, her) | হেতেনগো (hetengo, their m.), হেতিনগো (hetingo, their f.) | |
I | হিয়ার/হিয়েনের (hiyar/hiyener, its) | হিগুনের (higuner, of those) |
Further reading
- Morshed, Abul Kalam Manzur (1985). A study of standard Bengali and the Noakhali dialect (Thesis). Dhaka: Bangla Academy.
- Chakraborty, Uttam (2014). Das, Shyamal (ed.). A prosodic study of the Noakhali dialect of Bangla and its implication for teaching and learning of English as a second language by the native speakers of the dialect. hdl:10603/190533.
Bibliography
- Chatterji, Suniti Kumar (1926). The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language. Calcutta University Press.
- Grierson, G A, ed. (1903). Linguistic Survey of India: Indo-Aryan Family Eastern Group. Vol. V. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
References
- ^ "Metrical Pattern of Noakhali Bangla" (PDF).
- ^ Rashel, Md. Mostafa (September 2011). "Phonological Analysis of Chatkhil Dialect in Noakhali District, Bangladesh". Theory and Practice in Language Studies. 1 (9): 1051–1061.
- ^ "Metrical Pattern of Noakhali Bangla" (PDF).
- ^ "The emergence of unmarked syllables in noakhali bangla".
- ^ OCLC 10119272.
- hdl:10603/190533.
- ^ a b "Thoansh: A book on Noakhailla dialect". The Financial Express.
- ^ "Metrical Pattern of Noakhali Bangla" (PDF).
- ^ Shyamal Das. "Consonant Deletion Rules in the Noakhali dialect of Bangla: their lexical status and mode of application" Phases and Interfaces of Morphology CIEFL (EFL-U), Hyderabad, 1998.
- ^ "Bengali language and dialects in ethnologue".
- ^ a b c Sarwar, Fatina, Noakhali Dialect: Its Prospect of Standardization
- ^ "কুমিল্লা নয়, নোয়াখালী বিভাগ চাই" [Not Comilla, we want Noakhali Division]. BD24Live.com (in Bengali). 1 March 2020.
- ^ "Noakhali Bibhag Bastobaon Committee on Monday holds a rally". Daily Sun. 10 November 2015.
- ^ "'নোয়াখালী বিভাগ চাই' নাটকের পরিচালকের বিরুদ্ধে ডিজিটাল আইনে মামলা" [Case under cyber-law against the director of the Noakhali Bibhag Chai drama]. Kaler Kantho (in Bengali). 31 December 2019.
- ^ "নোংরামিতে ভরা বইমেলার হে স্বাধীনতা বোর্ড" [Book fair's Oh Independence board vandalised with profanities]. Sarabangla (in Bengali). 30 March 2021.
- JSTOR 44941289.
- ^ Shahidullah (1979) Bengali language movement, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
- Allahabad: The Pioneer Press.
- OL 30677644M. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
- ^ Grierson (1903)
- ^ Bose, Buddhadeva. আমার ছেলেবেলা [My childhood] (in Bengali).
- ^ 'নোয়াখালী বিভাগ চাই' নাটকের পরিচালকের বিরুদ্ধে মামলা, বিক্ষোভ প্রদর্শন [Lawsuits and demonstration against the film director of "Noakhali Division Chai" drama]. Jugantor (in Bengali). 1 January 2020.
- ^ Rezwana, Zarin (28 September 2017). "The truth about Noakhaillas". The Daily Star.
- ^ Khan, Sameer ud Dowla (21 February 2021). "The diverse and continuing evolution of Bangla: Bangla's future". The Daily Star.
- ^ a b Ahmed, Fakhruddin (21 March 2014). "Who is a Bangladeshi?". The Daily Star.
- ISBN 978-3-319-61954-5.
- ^ "Dialects are independent of literary speech: as such East Bengali dialects, North Bengali dialects and West Bengali dialects are not only independent of one another, but also they are not, as it is popularly believed in Bengal, derived from literary Bengali, the "sadhu-bhasha", which is a composite speech on an early West Bengali basis."(Chatterji 1926:108)
- ^ a b c Chatterji 1926, p. 138.
- ^ Shahidullah (1979) Bengali language movement, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
- ^ a b Khan, Sameer ud Dowla (21 February 2018). "Amago Bhasha". The Daily Star.
- ^ "In search of a new 'home'". The Daily Star. 27 May 2019.
- ^ Roy, Raikamal; Korwar, Sucheta (6 December 2014), Oral history with Anshu Sur
- S2CID 46326438.
- Noakhali.
- ISBN 978-3-319-22463-3.
The dominant stream ... follows the national curriculum in which Bangla is the language of instruction. The second one is madrasa education ... Bangla is the medium of instruction in this stream ... The third is English-medium education
- OCLC 495614347.
- ^ Debsharma, Shree Padmanath (c. 1908) [original date 1315 B.S.]. সিলেট নাগরী [Sylhet Nagri]. Sahitya-Parishad-Patrika (4): 236.
- ^ Calcutta UniversityPress
- ^ Russel, Muhammad H (7 April 2014), আমরা যারা নোয়াখাইল্লা [We who are Noakhailla] (in Bengali)