Haplogroup E-Z827
Haplogroup E-Z827 | |
---|---|
Possible time of origin | 24,100 BP |
Ancestor | E-M35 |
Descendants | E-L19, E-Z830 |
Defining mutations | Z827 |
E-Z827, also known as E1b1b1b,[4] is a major human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is the parent lineage to the E-Z830 and E-V257 subclades, and defines their common phylogeny. The former is predominantly found in the Middle East; the latter is most frequently observed in North Africa, with its E-M81 subclade observed among the ancient Guanche natives of the Canary Islands.[5] E-Z827 is also found at lower frequencies in Europe, and in isolated parts of Southeast Africa.
Subclades of E-Z827 and Distribution
Family Tree
The following
- E-Z827 (Z827) - E1b1b1b[9]
- E-V257/L19 (L19, V257) - E1b1b1b1[9]
- E-PF2431 (PF2431)[10]
- E-PF2438
- E-Y10561
- E-FGC18981
- E-FGC38527
- E-Y35933
- E-FGC18960
- E-Y33020
- E-FGC18958
- E-FGC18981
- E-PF2440
- E-PF2471
- E-BY9805
- E-PF2471
- E-Y10561
- E-PF2438
- E-M81 (M81)[11]
- E-M81*
- E-PF2546
- E-PF2546*
- E-CTS12227
- E-MZ11
- E-MZ12
- E-MZ11
- E-A929
- E-Z5009
- E-Z5009*
- E-Z5010
- E-Z5013
- E-Z5013*
- E-A1152
- E-A2227
- E-A428
- E-MZ16
- E-PF6794
- E-PF6794*
- E-PF6789
- E-MZ21
- E-MZ23
- E-MZ80
- E-A930
- E-Z2198/E-MZ46
- E-A601
- E-L351
- E-Z5009
- E-PF2431 (PF2431)[10]
- E-Z830 (Z830) - E1b1b1b2[9]
- E-M123(M123)
- E-M34 (M34)
- E-M84 (M84)
- E-M136 (M136)
- E-M290 (M290)
- E-V23 (V23)
- E-L791 (L791,L792)
- E-M84 (M84)
- E-M34 (M34)
- E-V1515
- E-V1515*
- E-V1486
- E-V1486*
- E-V2881
- E-V2881*
- E-V1792
- E-V92
- E-M293 (M293)
- E-M293*
- E-P72 (P72)
- E-V3065*
- E-V1700
- E-V42 (V42)
- E-V1785
- E-V1785*
- E-V6 (V6)
- E-V257/L19 (L19, V257) - E1b1b1b1[9]
E-V257/L19 (E1b1b1b1)
- "E-V257/L19*" individuals were found in published samples who were E-V257/L19, but not E-M81. several Middle Easterners and northafricans, a Corsican, a Sardinian, a Borana from Kenya, a southern Spaniard and a Cantabrian.[12]
Within E-M35, there are striking parallels between two haplogroups, E-V68 and E-V257. Both contain a lineage which has been frequently observed in North Africa (E-M78 and E-M81, respectively) and a group of undifferentiated chromosomes that are mostly found in southern Europe. An expansion of E-M35 carriers, possibly from the Middle East as proposed by other authors, and split into two branches separated by the geographic barrier of the Mediterranean Sea, would explain this geographic pattern. However, the absence of E-V68* and E-V257* in the Middle East makes a maritime spread between northern Africa and southern Europe a more plausible hypothesis.
— [13]
E-PF2431
PF2431 is the sister branch of M81 which was discovered in Paolo Francalacci (2011). Previously, it was designated L19*/V257*. This mutation has been discovered in North Africa (in Souss in Morocco, in central and eastern Algeria, West Nile in Egypt), the Sahel (Chad, Gambia), Western Europe (United Kingdom (Derbyshire), Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Italy) and Near Eastern (Turkey, Karabakh and Urmia). It would have formed 13800 years ago and is thought to originate from the "green" Sahara. Its TMRCA is estimated at 10600 years by yfull.
Archeology unearthed the remains of a member of the Hungarian conquering elite was analyzed from branch E-FGC19010, it had been discovered in Sandorfalva in Hungary and is dated to the second half of the tenth century.[14] A skeleton was discovered at the Monastery of San Pietro, Villa Magna in Italy, whose DNA belongs to the same branch and lived around 1180CE.[15] Scientists have examined the DNA of a mass grave of victims of the bubonic plague in Ellwangen in Germany, this one dates from the 16th century and belongs to another branch E-FGC18981.[16]
E-M81
E-V257's dominant sub-clade E-M81 is thought to have originated in the area of the northwest of Africa 7,000 years ago,[17] but all Yfull members are M183 and have a TMRCA just 2700 years ago.[18]
E-M81 is the most common subclade of haplogroup E-L19/V257. It is concentrated in North Africa, and is dominated by its E-M183 subclade. E-M183 is believed to have originated in the Northwest of Africa, and has an estimated age of 2284-2984 ybp.[19]
The E-M183 sub haplogroup reaches a mean frequency of 42% in North Africa. It decreases in frequency from 100% in some populations to approximately 28.6% to the east of this range in Egypt.[3][20][21] The E-M81 subclade is predominant among North African Berber-speaking populations. In Tunisia, it reached 100% frequency among a sample of Arabs from Zriba,[22] 89.5% in Andalusians (Qalaat-al-Andalous), and 100% in Berbers from Chenini-Douiret, Jradou and Takrouna.[22] It is generally found at frequencies around 45% in coastal cities of the Maghreb (Oran, Tunis, Algiers).[3][23]
It is also prevalent among other Berber populations and reaches frequency of 72.4% in Marrakesh Berbers,
In this key area from Egypt to the
The pattern of distribution and variance to be consistent with the hypothesis of a post
The E-M81 subclade has been found in ancient Guanche (Bimbapes) fossils excavated in Punta Azul, El Hierro, Canary Islands, which are dated to the 10th century (~44%).[5] Also found in ifri n'ammar that makes the Northwest African origin the likely origin of where it expanded, and not the Middle East.
Europe
In Europe, E-M81 has a widespread distribution at very low frequencies but is common mostly in the Iberian Peninsula, where unlike in the rest of Europe,[26] shows an average frequency of 4.3% (49/1140) in the Iberian Peninsula with frequencies reaching 4% and 9% in two separate surveys of Galicia, 10% in Western Andalusia and Northwest Castile. However this study also includes 153 individuals from Majorca, Minorca and Ibiza islands as well as 24 individuals from Gascony which are not in the Iberian Peninsula. Without these 177 individuals, real average for Iberian Peninsula is 4.9% (47/963)[26] it is more common than E-M78, with an average frequency around 5%. Its frequencies are higher in the western half of the peninsula with frequencies reaching 8% in Extremadura and South Portugal, 4% in one study and 9% in another in Galicia, 10% in Western Andalusia and Northwest Castile and 9% to 17% in Cantabria.[26][27][28][29][30] The highest frequencies of this clade found so far in Europe were observed in the Pasiegos from Cantabria, ranging from 18% (8/45)[30] to 41% (23/56).[24] An average frequency of 8.28% (54/652) has also been reported in the Spanish Canary Islands with frequencies over 10% in the three largest islands of Tenerife (10.68%), Gran Canaria (11.54%) and Fuerteventura (13.33%).[31]
E-M81 is also found in other parts of Europe, such as
Latin America
As a result of Spanish and Portuguese colonization of the Americas, this sub-clade is found throughout Latin America, for example 6.1% in Cuba, (8 out of 132),[40] 5.4% in Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) (6 out of 112), "The presence of chromosomes of North African origin (E3b1b-M81;[24] can also be explained by a Portuguese-mediated influx, since this haplogroup reaches a frequency of 5.6% in Portugal,[28] quite similar to the frequency found in Rio de Janeiro (5.4%) among European contributors."[41] and among Hispanic men from California and Hawaii 2.4% (7 out of 295),[42]
Others
In smaller numbers, E-M81 men can be found in areas in contact with the Maghreb, both around the Sahara, in places like Sudan, and around the Mediterranean in places like Lebanon, Turkey, and amongst Sephardic Jews.
Distribution
The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for E-M81, showing where its distribution is greater than 1% in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Latin America.
Country/Region | Sampling | n | %E-M81 | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mauretania | Arabs | 17 | 94 | [43] |
Algeria | Arabs | 60 | 80 | [44] |
Tunisia | Arabs from Zriba | 32 | 100 | [45] |
Tunisia | Arabs from Djerba | 47 | 93.7 | [46] |
Algeria | Mozabite Berbers | 67 | 86.6 | [47] |
Algeria | Mozabite Berbers | 20 | 80 | [24] |
Algeria | Oran | 102 | 45.1 | [23] |
Algeria | Algiers | 35 | 42.9 | [3] |
Algeria | Kabyles from Tizi Ouzou | 19 | 47.4 | [3] |
Algeria | Arabs and Berbers | 156 | 44.2 | [48] |
Algeria | Zenata | 35 | 48.6 | [49] |
Brazil | Rio de Janeiro | 112 | 5.4 | [41] |
Burkina Faso | Tuaregs | 38 | 77.8 | [50] |
Canary Islands | Fuerteventura | 75 | 13.3 | [31] |
Canary Islands | Gran Canaria | 78 | 11.5 | [31] |
Canary Islands | Tenerife | 178 | 10.7 | [31] |
Canary Islands | Lanzarote | 97 | 6.2 | [31] |
Canary Islands | La Palma | 85 | 5.9 | [31] |
Canary Islands | Gomera | 92 | 4.4 | [31] |
Canary Islands | Hierro | 47 | 2.1 | [31] |
Cuba | 132 | 6.1 | [40] | |
Cyprus | Turkish Cypriots | 46 | 8.7 | [24] |
Egypt | Northern Egyptians | 21 | 4.8 | [24] |
Egypt | Western Desert | 35 | 28.6 | [21] |
Egypt | 147 | 8.2 | [27] | |
Egypt | Arabs | 370 | 11.8 | [48] |
France | 85 | 3.5 | [24] | |
France | Auvergne | 89 | 5.6 | [32] |
France | Île-de-France | 91 | 5.5 | [32] |
France | Nord-Pas-de-Calais | 68 | 4.4 | [32] |
France | Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur | 45 | 2.2 | [32] |
France | Midi-Pyrénées | 67 | 1.5 | [32] |
France | Béarnais | 56 | 1.8 | [33] |
France | Bigorre | 44 | 2.3 | [33] |
Iberia | Spain, Portugal | 655 | 5.2 | [31] |
Iberia | Spain, Portugal | 1140 | 4.3 | [26] |
Israel | Bedouins | 28 | 3.6 | [24] |
Italy | Central Italians | 89 | 2.2 | [24] |
Italy | Northern Italians | 67 | 1.5 | [24] |
Italy | East Campania | 84 | 1.2 | [29] |
Italy | Lucera | 60 | 1.7 | [29] |
Italy | Peninsular Italy | 915 | 0.3 | [29] |
Italy | Sicily | 236 | 2.1 | [51] |
Italy | Sicilians | 136 | 0.7 | [24] |
Italy | Sardinians | 367 | 0.3 | [24] |
Italy | Sardinia | 1204 | 5.8 | [36] |
Jordan | Arabs | 101 | 4 | [27] |
Lebanon | Arabs | 104 | 1.9 | [27] |
Lebanon | Arabs | 914 | 1.2 | [52] |
Libya | Tuaregs | 47 | 48.9 | [53] |
Libya | Arabs | 215 | 35.9 | [54] |
Libya | Arabs and Berbers | 83 | 45.7 | [48] |
Mauritania | Arabs and Berbers | 189 | 55.5 | [48] |
Morocco | Marrakesh Berbers | 29 | 72.4 | [24] |
Morocco | Southern Moroccan Berbers | 187 | 98.5 | [55] |
Morocco | Moyen Atlas Berbers | 69 | 71 | [24] |
Morocco | Moroccan Arabs | 54 | 31.5 | [24] |
Morocco | Marrakesh (Amizmiz Valley) | 33 | 84.8 | [20] |
Morocco | Northern Moroccans (Beni Snassen) | 67 | 79.1 | [47] |
Morocco | Northern Moroccans (Rhiraya) | 54 | 79.6 | [47] |
Morocco | Immigrants resident in Italy | 51 | 54.9 | [56] |
Morocco | Arabs and Berbers | 221 | 65 | [31] |
Morocco | Arabs and Berbers | 760 | 67.3 | [48] |
Morocco | Saharawi | 29 | 76 | [57] |
Niger | Tuaregs | 22 | 9.1 | [24] |
Niger | Tuaregs | 31 | 11.1 | [50] |
North Africa | Sahara | 89 | 59.6 | [31] |
North Africa | Algeria, Tunisia | 202 | 39.1 | [31] |
Portugal | North | 109 | 5.5 | [58] |
Portugal | South | 49 | 12.2 | [24] |
Portugal | North | 50 | 4 | [24] |
Portugal | South | 78 | 7.7 | [26] |
Portugal | North | 60 | 3.3 | [26] |
Portugal | 303 | 5.6 | [59] | |
Portugal | North | 101 | 6 | [59] |
Portugal | Center | 102 | 4.9 | [59] |
Portugal | South | 100 | 6 | [59] |
Portugal | Madeira | 129 | 5.4 | [59] |
Portugal | Açores | 121 | 5 | [59] |
Portugal | 657 | 5.6 | [28] | |
Portugal | Entre Douro e Minho | 228 | 6.6 | [28] |
Portugal | Tras os Montes | 64 | 3.1 | [28] |
Portugal | Beira Litoral | 116 | 5.2 | [28] |
Portugal | Beira Interior | 58 | 5.3 | [28] |
Portugal | Estremadura | 43 | 4.6 | [28] |
Portugal | Lisboa e Setubal | 62 | 6.5 | [28] |
Portugal | Alentejo | 65 | 7.7 | [28] |
Portugal | Coruche | 64 | 9.4 | [50] |
Portugal | Pias | 46 | 4.3 | [50] |
Portugal | Alcacer do Sal | 21 | 4.8 | [50] |
Portugal | Tras-os-Montes (Jews) | 57 | 5.3 | [60] |
Portugal | Tras-os-Montes (Non Jews) | 30 | 10 | [60] |
Somalia | 201 | 1.5 | [27] | |
Spain | Pasiegos from Cantabria | 19 | 36.8 | [61] |
Spain | Pasiegos from Cantabria | 56 | 41.1 | [24] |
Spain | Pasiegos from Cantabria | 45 | 17.8 | [30] |
Spain | Spanish Basques | 55 | 3.6 | [24] |
Spain | Asturians | 90 | 2.2 | [24] |
Spain | Southern Spaniards | 62 | 1.6 | [24] |
Spain | Castile, NorthWest | 100 | 10 | [26] |
Spain | Andalucia, West | 73 | 9.6 | [26] |
Spain | Galicia | 19 | 10.5 | [58] |
Spain | Galicia | 292 | 4.1 | [62] |
Spain | Galicia | 88 | 9.1 | [26] |
Spain | Galicia | 44 | 9.1 | [63] |
Spain | Galicia | 164 | 9.1 | [64] |
Spain | Extremadura | 52 | 7.7 | [26] |
Spain | Valencia | 73 | 4.1 | [26] |
Spain | Castile, NorthEast | 31 | 3.2 | [26] |
Spain | Aragon | 34 | 2.9 | [26] |
Spain | Minorca | 37 | 2.7 | [26] |
Spain | Andalucia, East | 95 | 2.1 | [26] |
Spain | Majorca | 62 | 1.6 | [26] |
Spain | Castile, La Mancha | 63 | 1.6 | [26] |
Spain | Catalonia | 80 | 1.3 | [26] |
Spain | Catalonia | 111 | 3.6 | [63] |
Spain | Cantabria | 161 | 13 | [29] |
Spain | Malaga | 26 | 11.5 | [58] |
Spain | Cantabria | 70 | 8.6 | [58] |
Spain | Cordoba | 27 | 7.4 | [58] |
Spain | Valencia | 31 | 6.5 | [58] |
Spain | Valencia | 59 | 5.1 | [63] |
Spain | Almeria | 36 | 5.6 | [63] |
Spain | Leon | 60 | 5 | [58] |
Spain | Castile | 21 | 4.8 | [58] |
Spain | Seville | 155 | 4.5 | [58] |
Spain | Huelva | 22 | 4.5 | [58] |
Spain | Basques | 45 | 2.2 | [58] |
Spain | Huelva | 167 | 3 | [65] |
Spain | Granada | 250 | 3.6 | [65] |
Spain | Pedroches Valley | 68 | 1.5 | [20] |
Spain | Andalucia | 94 | 2.1 | [20] |
Spain | Zamora | 235 | 5.5 | [66] |
Tunisia | Tunis | 148 | 37.9 | [3] |
Tunisia | Immigrants resident in Italy | 52 | 32.7 | [56] |
Tunisia | Berbers from Bou Omrane | 40 | 87.5 | [67] |
Tunisia | Berbers from Bou Saad | 40 | 92.5 | [67] |
Tunisia | Arabs from Djerba | 46 | 60.8 | [67] |
Tunisia | Berbers from Djerba | 47 | 76.6 | [67] |
Tunisia | Berbers from Chenini–Douiret | 27 | 100 | [68] |
Tunisia | Berbers from Sened | 35 | 65.7 | [68] |
Tunisia | Arabs from Jradou | 32 | 100 | [68] |
Tunisia | Andalusians from Zaghouan | 32 | 40.6 | [68] |
Tunisia | Cosmopolitan Tunis | 33 | 54.4 | [68] |
Tunisia | Arabs | 601 | 62.7 | [48] |
Turkey | Istanbul Turkish | 35 | 5.7 | [24] |
Turkey | Sephardi Turkish | 19 | 5.3 | [24] |
Turkey | Southwestern Turkish | 40 | 2.5 | [24] |
Turkey | Northeastern Turkish | 41 | 2.4 | [24] |
Egypt | Berbers | 93 | 1.1 | [69] |
E-Z830 (E1b1b1b2)
A recently confirmed sub-clade of E-Z827, Z830, includes the confirmed sub-clades of
E-M123
E-M123 is mostly known for its major subclade E-M34, which dominates this clade.[74]
E-V1515
A new clade (E-V1515) was defined by Trombetta et al. 2015, which originated about 12 kya (95% CI 8.6-16.4) in eastern Africa where it is currently mainly distributed. This clade includes all the sub-Saharan haplogroups (E-V42, E-M293, E-V92, E-V6) reported as E-M35 basal clades in a previous phylogeny.[2]
We observed the highest frequency and diversity of this haplogroup in the northern part of the Horn of Africa (present day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia), where the majority of the deepest E-V1515 subhaplogroups and paragroups were found. In the southern part of the Horn (southern Ethiopia, Somalia and northern Kenya), haplogroup E-V1515 is almost exclusively represented by the recent (3.5 ka; 95% CI: 1.7–5.9 ka) subhaplogroup E-V1486. Further south, in southern Kenya and southern Africa, a single E-V1486 terminal clade, known as E-M293 (Henn et al. 2008), was found (fig. 3). This phylogeographic pattern is strongly suggestive of human movements from the northern part of the Horn to the Ethiopian/Kenyan borders between 12 ka (the coalescence of E-V1515) and 3.5 ka (the coalescence of E-V1486), and from here toward southern Africa across the equatorial belt in more recent times.[2]
Multiple instances of commercially observed E-V1515 have also been detected in Arabia.[75]
E-M293
E-M293 is a subclade of E-V1515. It was identified by ISOGG as the second clade within E-Z830. It was discovered before E-Z830 and is associated with the spread of
Without information about M293 in the Maasai, Hema, and other populations in Kenya, Sudan, and Ethiopia, we cannot pinpoint the precise geographic source of M293 with greater confidence. However, the available evidence points to present-day Tanzania as an early and important geographic locus of M293 evolution.
They also say that "M293 is only found in sub-Saharan Africa, indicating a separate phylogenetic history for M35.1 * (former) samples further north". E-P72.[7] This is a subclade of E-M293.[13]
E-V42
E-V42 was discovered in two
E-V6
The E-V6 subclade of E-V1515 is defined by V6 and has been identified a significant presence of these lineages in Ethiopia, and also some in the neighboring Somali population.[24] Among the Ethiopian and Somali samples, the highest were 14.7% among the Ethiopian Amhara, and 16.7% among the Ethiopian Wolayta.
E-V92
E-V92 was discovered in two Ethiopian Amhara.[13] Like E-V6 and E-V42 it possibly only exists in the area of Ethiopia.
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic History
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) | (α) | (β) | (γ) | (δ) | (ε) | (ζ) | (η) | YCC 2002 (Longhand) | YCC 2005 (Longhand) | YCC 2008 (Longhand) | YCC 2010r (Longhand) | ISOGG 2006 | ISOGG 2007 | ISOGG 2008 | ISOGG 2009 | ISOGG 2010 | ISOGG 2011 | ISOGG 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E-P29 |
21 | III | 3A | 13 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E* | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E |
E-M33 |
21 | III | 3A | 13 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E1* | E1 | E1a | E1a | E1 | E1 | E1a | E1a | E1a | E1a | E1a |
E-M44 | 21 | III | 3A | 13 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E1a | E1a | E1a1 | E1a1 | E1a | E1a | E1a1 | E1a1 | E1a1 | E1a1 | E1a1 |
E-M75 |
21 | III | 3A | 13 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E2a | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 |
E-M54 | 21 | III | 3A | 13 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E2b | E2b | E2b | E2b1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
E-P2 |
25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E3* | E3 | E1b | E1b1 | E3 | E3 | E1b1 | E1b1 | E1b1 | E1b1 | E1b1 |
E-M2 |
8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a* | E3a | E1b1 | E1b1a | E3a | E3a | E1b1a | E1b1a | E1b1a | E1b1a1 | E1b1a1 |
E-M58 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a1 | E3a1 | E1b1a1 | E1b1a1 | E3a1 | E3a1 | E1b1a1 | E1b1a1 | E1b1a1 | E1b1a1a1a | E1b1a1a1a |
E-M116.2 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a2 | E3a2 | E1b1a2 | E1b1a2 | E3a2 | E3a2 | E1b1a2 | E1b1a2 | E1ba12 | removed | removed |
E-M149 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a3 | E3a3 | E1b1a3 | E1b1a3 | E3a3 | E3a3 | E1b1a3 | E1b1a3 | E1b1a3 | E1b1a1a1c | E1b1a1a1c |
E-M154 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a4 | E3a4 | E1b1a4 | E1b1a4 | E3a4 | E3a4 | E1b1a4 | E1b1a4 | E1b1a4 | E1b1a1a1g1c | E1b1a1a1g1c |
E-M155 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a5 | E3a5 | E1b1a5 | E1b1a5 | E3a5 | E3a5 | E1b1a5 | E1b1a5 | E1b1a5 | E1b1a1a1d | E1b1a1a1d |
E-M10 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a6 | E3a6 | E1b1a6 | E1b1a6 | E3a6 | E3a6 | E1b1a6 | E1b1a6 | E1b1a6 | E1b1a1a1e | E1b1a1a1e |
E-M35 |
25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b* | E3b | E1b1b1 | E1b1b1 | E3b1 | E3b1 | E1b1b1 | E1b1b1 | E1b1b1 | removed | removed |
E-M78 |
25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b1* | E3b1 | E1b1b1a | E1b1b1a1 | E3b1a | E3b1a | E1b1b1a | E1b1b1a | E1b1b1a | E1b1b1a1 | E1b1b1a1 |
E-M148 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b1a | E3b1a | E1b1b1a3a | E1b1b1a1c1 | E3b1a3a | E3b1a3a | E1b1b1a3a | E1b1b1a3a | E1b1b1a3a | E1b1b1a1c1 | E1b1b1a1c1 |
E-M81 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b2* | E3b2 | E1b1b1b | E1b1b1b1 | E3b1b | E3b1b | E1b1b1b | E1b1b1b | E1b1b1b | E1b1b1b1 | E1b1b1b1a |
E-M107 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b2a | E3b2a | E1b1b1b1 | E1b1b1b1a | E3b1b1 | E3b1b1 | E1b1b1b1 | E1b1b1b1 | E1b1b1b1 | E1b1b1b1a | E1b1b1b1a1 |
E-M165 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b2b | E3b2b | E1b1b1b2 | E1b1b1b1b1 | E3b1b2 | E3b1b2 | E1b1b1b2a | E1b1b1b2a | E1b1b1b2a | E1b1b1b2a | E1b1b1b1a2a |
E-M123 |
25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b3* | E3b3 | E1b1b1c | E1b1b1c | E3b1c | E3b1c | E1b1b1c | E1b1b1c | E1b1b1c | E1b1b1c | E1b1b1b2a |
E-M34 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b3a* | E3b3a | E1b1b1c1 | E1b1b1c1 | E3b1c1 | E3b1c1 | E1b1b1c1 | E1b1b1c1 | E1b1b1c1 | E1b1b1c1 | E1b1b1b2a1 |
E-M136 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3ba1 | E3b3a1 | E1b1b1c1a | E1b1b1c1a1 | E3b1c1a | E3b1c1a | E1b1b1c1a1 | E1b1b1c1a1 | E1b1b1c1a1 | E1b1b1c1a1 | E1b1b1b2a1a1 |
Original Research Publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
See also
Genetics
- African admixture in Europe
- Genetic genealogy
- Haplogroup D (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup DE (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup
- Haplotype
- Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
- Molecular phylogenetics
- Paragroup
- Subclade
- Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
- Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Near East
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of North Africa
Y-DNA E Subclades
- Haplogroup E-L485 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-M123 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-M180 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-M33 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-M521 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-M75 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-M96 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-P147 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-P177 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-P2 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-V12 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-V13 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-V22 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-V38 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-V65 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-V68 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-Z820 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-Z827 (Y-DNA)
Y-DNA Backbone Tree
References
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Further reading
- Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al-Zahery N, Olivieri A, Pala M, Myres NM, King RJ, Rootsi S, Marjanovic D, Primorac D, Hadziselimovic R, Vidovic S, Drobnic K, Durmishi N, Torroni A, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Underhill PA, Semino O (June 2009). "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (6): 820–30. PMID 19107149.
- Bird S (2007). "Haplogroup E3b1a2 as a Possible Indicator of Settlement in Roman Britain by Soldiers of Balkan Origin". Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 3 (2). Archived from the original on 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2011-06-17.
- Bosch E, Calafell F, González-Neira A, Flaiz C, Mateu E, Scheil HG, Huckenbeck W, Efremovska L, Mikerezi I, Xirotiris N, Grasa C, Schmidt H, Comas D (July 2006). "Paternal and maternal lineages in the Balkans show a homogeneous landscape over linguistic barriers, except for the isolated Aromuns". Annals of Human Genetics. 70 (Pt 4): 459–87. S2CID 23156886. Archived from the originalon 2012-12-10.
- Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ (March 2008). "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman". European Journal of Human Genetics. 16 (3): 374–86. PMID 17928816.
- Capelli C, Redhead N, Abernethy JK, Gratrix F, Wilson JF, Moen T, et al. (May 2003). "A Y chromosome census of the British Isles" (PDF). Current Biology. 13 (11): 979–84. S2CID 526263.
- Caratti S, Gino S, Torre C, Robino C (July 2009). "Subtyping of Y-chromosomal haplogroup E-M78 (E1b1b1a) by SNP assay and its forensic application". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 123 (4): 357–60. S2CID 5657112.
- Cruciani F, Santolamazza P, Shen P, Macaulay V, Moral P, Olckers A, Modiano D, Holmes S, Destro-Bisol G, Coia V, Wallace DC, Oefner PJ, Torroni A, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Scozzari R, Underhill PA (May 2002). "A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes". American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (5): 1197–214. PMID 11910562.
- Cruciani F, La Fratta R, Torroni A, Underhill PA, Scozzari R (August 2006). "Molecular dissection of the Y chromosome haplogroup E-M78 (E3b1a): a posteriori evaluation of a microsatellite-network-based approach through six new biallelic markers". Human Mutation. 27 (8): 831–2. S2CID 26886757.
- Cruciani F, La Fratta R, Trombetta B, Santolamazza P, Sellitto D, Colomb EB, et al. (June 2007). "Tracing past human male movements in northern/eastern Africa and western Eurasia: new clues from Y-chromosomal haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (6): 1300–11. PMID 17351267.
- Di Giacomo F, Luca F, Anagnou N, Ciavarella G, Corbo RM, Cresta M, Cucci F, Di Stasi L, Agostiano V, Giparaki M, Loutradis A, Mammi' C, Michalodimitrakis EN, Papola F, Pedicini G, Plata E, Terrenato L, Tofanelli S, Malaspina P, Novelletto A (September 2003). "Clinal patterns of human Y chromosomal diversity in continental Italy and Greece are dominated by drift and founder effects" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 28 (3): 387–95. PMID 12927125. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2009-03-05. Retrieved 2011-06-17.
- Firasat S, Khaliq S, Mohyuddin A, Papaioannou M, Tyler-Smith C, Underhill PA, Ayub Q (January 2007). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (1): 121–6. PMID 17047675.
- Hassan HY, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Ibrahim ME (November 2008). "Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 137 (3): 316–23. PMID 18618658.
- King RJ, Ozcan SS, Carter T, Kalfoğlu E, Atasoy S, Triantaphyllidis C, Kouvatsi A, Lin AA, Chow CE, Zhivotovsky LA, Michalodimitrakis M, Underhill PA (March 2008). "Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic". Annals of Human Genetics. 72 (Pt 2): 205–14. S2CID 22406638.
- King R, Underhill PA (2002). "Congruent distribution of Neolithic painted pottery and ceramic figurines with Y-chromosome lineages". Antiquity. 76 (293): 707–14. S2CID 160359661.
- Lancaster A (2009). "Y Haplogroups, Archaeological Cultures and Language Families: a Review of the Multidisciplinary Comparisons using the case of E-M35" (PDF). Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 5 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-06. Retrieved 2011-06-17.
- Onofri V, Alessandrini F, Turchi C, Pesaresi M, Buscemi L, Tagliabracci A (February 2006). "Development of multiplex PCRs for evolutionary and forensic applications of 37 human Y chromosome SNPs" (PDF). Forensic Science International. 157 (1): 23–35. PMID 15896936.[permanent dead link]
- Pelotti S, Ceccardi S, Lugaresi F, Trane R, Falconi M, Bini C, Willuweit S, Roewer L (2008). "Microgeographic genetic variation of Y chromosome in a population sample of Ravenna's area in the Emilia-Romagna region (North of Italy)". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 1 (1): 242–243. .
- Pericić M, Lauc LB, Klarić IM, Rootsi S, Janićijevic B, Rudan I, Terzić R, Colak I, Kvesić A, Popović D, Sijacki A, Behluli I, Dordevic D, Efremovska L, Bajec DD, Stefanović BD, Villems R, Rudan P (October 2005). "High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (10): 1964–75. PMID 15944443.
- Pontikos D. "Phylogeographic refinement of haplogroup E" http://dienekes.blogspot.ru/2015/07/phylogeographic-refinement-of.html
- Rosa A, Ornelas C, Jobling MA, Brehm A, Villems R (July 2007). "Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7 (1): 124. PMID 17662131.
- Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME, Adojaan M, Alavantic D, Amorim A, et al. (December 2000). "Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language". American Journal of Human Genetics. 67 (6): 1526–43. PMID 11078479.
- Sanchez JJ, Hallenberg C, Børsting C, Hernandez A, Morling N (July 2005). "High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males". European Journal of Human Genetics. 13 (7): 856–66. PMID 15756297.
- Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Falaschi F, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA (January 2002). "Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (1): 265–8. PMID 11719903. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2006-03-15.
- Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin AA, Al-Zahery N, Battaglia V, et al. (May 2004). "Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1023–34. PMID 15069642.
- Shen P, Lavi T, Kivisild T, Chou V, Sengun D, Gefel D, Shpirer I, Woolf E, Hillel J, Feldman MW, Oefner PJ (September 2004). "Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence variation" (PDF). Human Mutation. 24 (3): 248–60. S2CID 1571356. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2009-03-05. Retrieved 2011-06-17.
- Thomas MG, Stumpf MP, Härke H (October 2006). "Evidence for an apartheid-like social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England" (PDF). Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 273 (1601): 2651–7. PMID 17002951. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2009-03-05.
- Hassan HY, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Ibrahim ME (November 2008). "Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history" (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 137 (3): 316–23. PMID 18618658.
- Underhill PA, Passarino G, Lin AA, Shen P, Mirazón Lahr M, Foley RA, Oefner PJ, Cavalli-Sforza LL (January 2001). "The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations". Annals of Human Genetics. 65 (Pt 1): 43–62. S2CID 9441236.
- Underhill PA (2002). "Inference of Neolithic Population Histories using Y-chromosome Haplotypes". In Bellwood PS, Renfrew C (eds.). Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. ISBN 978-1-902937-20-5.
- Underhill PA, Kivisild T (2007). "Use of y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA population structure in tracing human migrations". Annual Review of Genetics. 41 (1): 539–64. PMID 18076332.
- Weale ME, Weiss DA, Jager RF, Bradman N, Thomas MG (July 2002). "Y chromosome evidence for Anglo-Saxon mass migration". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 19 (7): 1008–21. PMID 12082121.
- Weale (September 1, 2003). "Rare Deep-Rooting Y Chromosome Lineages in Humans: Lessons for Phylogeography". Genetics. 165 (1): 229–234. PMID 14504230.